• Banish your fears of statistical analysis using this clearly written and highly successful textbook. Statistics for Veterinary and Animal Science Third Edition is an introductory text which assumes no previous knowledge of statistics. It starts with very basic methodology and builds on it to encompass some of the more advanced techniques that are currently used. This book will enable you to handle numerical data and critically appraise the veterinary and animal science literature. Written in a non-mathematical way, the emphasis is on understanding the underlying concepts and correctly interpreting computer output, and not on working through mathematical formulae.

    Key features:

    • Flow charts are provided to enable you to choose the correct statistical analyses in different situations
    • Numerous real worked examples are included to help you master the procedures
    • Two statistical packages, SPSS and Stata, are used to analyse data to familiarise you with typical computer output
    • The data sets from the examples in the book are available as electronic files to download from the book’s companion website in ASCII, Excel, SPSS, Stata and R Workspace formats, allowing you to practice using your own software and fully get to grips with the techniques
    • A clear indication is provided of the more advanced or obscure topics so that, if desired, you can skip them without loss of continuity.

    New to this edition:

    • New chapter on reporting guidelines relevant to veterinary medicine as a ready reference for those wanting to follow best practice in planning and writing up research
    • New chapter on critical appraisal of randomized controlled trials and observational studies in the published literature: a template is provided which is used to critically appraise two papers
    • New chapter introducing specialist topics: ethical issues of animal investigations, spatial statistics, veterinary surveillance, and statistics in molecular and quantitative genetics
    • Expanded glossaries of notation and terms
    • Additional exercises and further explanations added throughout to make the book more comprehensive.

    Carrying out statistical procedures and interpreting the results is an integral part of veterinary and animal science. This is the only book on statistics that is specifically written for veterinary science and animal science students, researchers and practitioners.

  • Preface to Third Edition ix

    Preface to First Edition xi

    Preface to Second Edition xiii

    1 The Whys and Wherefores of Statistics 1

    1.1 Learning objectives 1

    1.2 Aims of the book 1

    1.3 What is statistics? 2

    1.4 Statistics in veterinary and animal science 3

    1.5 Evidence-based veterinary medicine 4

    1.6 Types of variable 4

    1.7 Variations in measurements 5

    1.8 Terms relating to measurement quality 7

    1.9 Populations and samples 9

    1.10 Types of statistical procedures 10

    1.11 Conclusion 10

    Exercises 10

    2 Descriptive Statistics 12

    2.1 Learning objectives 12

    2.2 Summarizing data 12

    2.3 Empirical frequency distributions 12

    2.4 Tables 14

    2.5 Diagrams 15

    2.6 Numerical measures 19

    2.7 Reference interval 24

    Exercises 25

    3 Probability and Probability Distributions 28

    3.1 Learning objectives 28

    3.2 Probability 28

    3.3 Probability distributions 30

    3.4 Discrete probability distributions 31

    3.5 Continuous probability distributions 33

    3.6 Relationships between distributions 42

    Exercises 43

    4 Sampling and Sampling Distributions 46

    4.1 Learning objectives 46

    4.2 Distinction between the sample and the population 46

    4.3 Statistical inference 46

    4.4 Sampling distribution of the mean 48

    4.5 Confidence interval for a mean 50

    4.6 Sampling distribution of the proportion 52

    4.7 Confidence interval for a proportion 53

    4.8 Bootstrapping and jackknifing 53

    Exercises 54

    5 Experimental Design and Clinical Trials 55

    5.1 Learning objectives 55

    5.2 Types of study 55

    5.3 Introducing clinical trials 59

    5.4 Importance of design in the clinical trial 60

    5.5 Control group 61

    5.6 Assignment of animals to the treatment groups 62

    5.7 Avoidance of bias in the assessment procedure 65

    5.8 Increasing the precision of the estimates 66

    5.9 Further considerations 68

    Exercises 73

    6 An Introduction to Hypothesis Testing 75

    6.1 Learning objectives 75

    6.2 Introduction 75

    6.3 Basic concepts of hypothesis testing 75

    6.4 Type I and Type II errors 79

    6.5 Distinction between statistical and biological significance 80

    6.6 Confidence interval approach to hypothesis testing 81

    6.7 Collecting our thoughts on confidence intervals 82

    6.8 Equivalence and non-inferiority studies 82

    Exercises 83

    7 Hypothesis Tests 1. The t-test: Comparing One or Two Means 85

    7.1 Learning objectives 85

    7.2 Requirements for hypothesis tests for comparing means 85

    7.3 One-sample t-test 87

    7.4 Two-sample t-test 89

    7.5 Paired t-test 92

    Exercises 96

    8 Hypothesis Tests 2. The F-test: Comparing Two Variances or More Than Two Means 100

    8.1 Learning objectives 100

    8.2 Introduction 100

    8.3 The F-test for the equality of two variances 100

    8.4 Levene’s test for the equality of two or more variances 102

    8.5 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the equality of means 102

    8.6 One-way analysis of variance 105

    Exercises 109

    9 Hypothesis Tests 3. The Chi-squared Test: Comparing Proportions 112

    9.1 Learning objectives 112

    9.2 Introduction 112

    9.3 Testing a hypothesis about a single proportion 112

    9.4 Comparing two proportions: independent groups 113

    9.5 Testing associations in an r × c contingency table 117

    9.6 Comparing two proportions – paired observations 120

    9.7 Chi-squared goodness-of-fit test 122

    Exercises 123

    10 Linear Correlation and Regression 126

    10.1 Learning objectives 126

    10.2 Introducing linear correlation and regression 126

    10.3 Linear correlation 127

    10.4 Simple (univariable) linear regression 132

    10.5 Regression to the mean 142

    Exercises 142

    11 Further Regression Analyses 146

    11.1 Learning objectives 146

    11.2 Introduction 146

    11.3 Multiple linear regression 147

    11.4 Multiple logistic regression: a binary response variable 154

    11.5 Poisson regression 159

    11.6 Regression methods forclustered data 161

    Exercises 163

    12 Non-parametric Statistical Methods 165

    12.1 Learning objectives 165

    12.2 Parametric and non-parametric tests 165

    12.3 Sign test 167

    12.4 Wilcoxon signed rank test 169

    12.5 Wilcoxon rank sum test 171

    12.6 Non-parametric analyses of variance 173

    12.7 Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient 175

    Exercises 178

    13 Further Aspects of Design and Analysis 181

    13.1 Learning objectives 181

    13.2 Transformations 181

    13.3 Sample size 184

    13.4 Sequential and interim analysis 189

    13.5 Meta-analysis 190

    13.6 Methods of sampling 194

    Exercises 198

    14 Additional Techniques 200

    14.1 Learning objectives 200

    14.2 Diagnostic tests 200

    14.3 Bayesian analysis 208

    14.4 Measuring agreement 211

    14.5 Measurements at successive points in time 218

    14.6 Survival analysis 221

    14.7 Multivariate analysis 226

    Exercises 227

    15 Some Specialized Issues and Procedures 230

    15.1 Learning objectives 230

    15.2 Introduction 230

    15.3 Ethical and legal issues 230

    15.4 Spatial statistics and geospatial information systems 233

    15.5 Veterinary surveillance 237

    15.6 Molecular and quantitative genetics 240

    Exercises 242

    16 Evidence-based Veterinary Medicine 243

    16.1 Learning objectives 243

    16.2 Introduction 243

    16.3 What is evidence-based veterinary medicine? 244

    16.4 Why has evidence-based veterinary medicine developed? 244

    16.5 What is involved in practising evidence-based veterinary medicine? 245

    16.6 Integrating evidence-based veterinary medicine into clinical practice 249

    16.7 Example 249

    Exercises 250

    17 Reporting Guidelines 252

    17.1 Learning objectives 252

    17.2 Introduction to reporting guidelines (EQUATOR network) 252

    17.3 REFLECT statement 254

    17.4 ARRIVE guidelines (research using laboratory animals) 255

    17.5 STROBE guidelines

    (observational studies) 255

    17.6 STARD statement (diagnostic accuracy) 262

    17.7 PRISMA statement (systematic reviews and meta-analysis) 265

    18 Critical Appraisal of Reported Studies 269

    18.1 Learning objectives 269

    18.2 Introduction 269

    18.3 A template for critical appraisal of published research involving animals 270

    18.4 Paper 1 273

    18.5 Critical appraisal of paper 1 284

    18.6 Paper 2 288

    18.7 Critical appraisal of paper 2 297

    18.8 General conclusion 302

    Solutions to Exercises 303

    Appendices 331

    A Statistical Tables 331

    B Tables of Confidence Intervals 347

    C Glossary of Notation 349

    D Glossary of Terms 353

    E Flowcharts for Selection of Appropriate Tests 376

    References 377

    Index 379

  • Aviva Petrie

    Head of Biostatistics Unit and Senior Lecturer, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London; Honorary Lecturer in Medical Statistics, Medical Statistics Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK. She is also author of a number of other books, including Medical Statistics at a Glance.

    Paul Watson

    Is a distinguished and well respected scientist in the field of Reproductive Biology, and is Emeritus Professor at the Royal Veterinary College, UK.

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