Zoo and Wild Animal Dentistry

List of Contributors

FORWARD by Frank V. F. Verstraete

ABOUT PETER EMILY by Edward R. Eisner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

INTRODUCTION by Peter P. Emily

PART I

1.A HISTORY OF VETERINARY DENTISTRY By: Colin E. Harvey

2. ODONTOLOGY: A HISTORY OF TEETH By: Peter P. Emily

2.SPECIAL CONSIDERATION REGARDINGEQUIPMENT, INSTRUMENTS AND SUPPLIES

3.DENTAL FORM AND FUNCTION AS IT RELATES TO DENTAL THERAPY OF WILD ANIMALS

4.CARNIVORES

5A. STANDARD ENDODONTICS

5B. SURGICAL ENDODONTICS

5C. PERIODONTICS

5D. CARIES AND OTHER RESTORATIVE PROCEDURES

5E. COMBINED PERIODONTIC AND ENDODONTICS

5F. SURGERY

6. HERBIVORES

6A. STANDARD AND SURGICAL ENDODONTICS

6B. ORAL SURGERY

7. MARSUPIAL AND HERBIVORE ABSCESSES:

OSTIOMYELITIS, (LUMPY JAW)

8. ELEPHANTS AND TUSK THERAPY

ENDODONTICS

TUSK AMPUTATION

8A. TUSK THERAPY FOR HOG, WALRUS, ELEPHANT AND HIPPOPOTAMUS

8B. ELEPHANT DENTAL THERAPEUTICS By: Gerhardus Steenkamp, Professor of Surgery and Dentistry, University of Praetoria, South Africa

9. PRIMATES

9A. ENDODONTICS

9B. CARIES AND RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY

9C. PERIODONTICS

10. AVIAN FRACTURED AND MALOCCLUDED BEAKS

10A. BEAK FRACTURE REPAIR

10B. ORTHOBEAKICS

10C. BEAK REPAIR FOR AMPHIBIANS

10D. BEAKISTRY: ORTHOGNATHIC CORRECTIONS

AND SURGICAL REPAIR ON AVIAN BEAKS By: Dr.

Roberto Feccio, Sao Paulo, Brazil

11. DENTAL MANAGEMENT OF PINNIPEDS By: Steven E. Holmstrom, DVM, DAVDC

12. PRACTICAL ANESTHESIA FOR CAPTIVE WILD ANIMALS By: Felicia Knightly, DVM, Senior Veterinarian, Memphis Zoo

PART II

PERTINENT DENTAL INFORMATION, OF 340 SPECIES MOST OFTEN TREATED IN SANCTUARIES AND ZOOS

13. CARNIVORES:

THE CAT FAMILY

13A. BIG CATS

BOB CAT (LYNX RUFUS)

CANADIAN LYNX

CARACAL (AFRICAN LYNX)

EUROPEAN LYNX

CHEETAH

COUGAR (MOUNTAIN LION, PUMA)

MELANOTIC COUGAR (PANTHER)

JAGUAR

LEOPARD

AMELANOTIC LEOPARD

CLOUDED LEOPARD

MELANOTIC LEOPARD

SNOW LEOPARD

SOMALIAN LEOPARD

LIGER [STERILE HYBRID OF TIGER & AFRICAN LION]

LION

SERVAL

TIGER

13B. SMALL CATS

AFRICAN WILD CAT

DOMESTIC CAT

FISHING CAT

GENET

JUNGLE CAT

OCELOT

PALLAS CAT

SAVANAH (F1 HYBRID CROSS: SERVAL &

DOMESTIC CAT)

14. THE BEAR FAMILY

14A. BIG BEARS

AMERICAN BLACK BEAR / BROWN BEAR

CINNAMON BEAR (Subspecies of the American Black Bear)

GRIZZLY BEAR

HIMALAYAN BEAR

KODIAK BEAR

POLAR BEAR

SPECTACLED BEAR

SUN BEAR

14B. SMALL BEARS

SLOTH BEAR

15. THE PRIMATES

15A. LOWER PRIMATES; PROSIMIANS – Suborder of Primates

Prosimii - Long face, prominent whiskers, slightly sideways-

looking eyes, nocturnal.

AYE AYE

BUSH BABY

INDRI

LEMURS

BROWN LEMUR

FLYING LEMUR

PHILIPPINE COLUGO

LORIS

POTTO

SIFAKA

TARSIER

15B. HIGHER PRIMATES

15B.1. NEW WORLD MONKEYS (CENTRAL & SOUTH

AMERICA)

MARMOSETS AND TAMARINS

COTTON-TOPPED MARMOSET

TAMARIN

CAPUCIAN-LIKE MONKEYS

CAPUCIAN MONKEY

HOWLER MONKEY

RED FACED WARKARI

SPIDER MONKEY

WOOLY

15B.2. OLD WORLD MONKEYS (AFRICA & ASIA)

COLOBUS

LEAF MONKEY

GUENONS, MACAQUES, BABOONS & MANDRILLS

MACAQUE

RHESUS MACAQUE (RHESUS MONKEY)

BABOON (POPIO)

CHACMA BABOON (SAVANNAH, OLIVE, YELLOW,

COMMON BABOON)

MANDRILL

PROBOSCUS MONKEY

VERVET (GRIVET MONKEY, GREEN MONKEY)

15B.3. LESSER APES

GIBBON

SIAMANG

15B.4. GREAT APES

BONOBO (PIGMY CHIMPANZEE)

CHIMPANZEE

GORILLA

HUMANS (MODERN MAN)

ORANGUTAN

16. TREE SHREWS

COMMON TREE SHREW

17. THE DOG FAMILY

AFRICAN WILD DOG (AFRICAN PAINTED DOG)

COYOTE

DHOLE

DINGO

DOMESTIC DOG

FOXES

ARCTIC FOX

GREY FOX

KIT FOX

RED FOX

JACKALS

BLACK-BACKED JACKAL (SILVER-BACKED JACKAL)

SIDE-STRIPED JACKAL

WOLVES

GRAY WOLF (TIMBER WOLF)

MANED WOLF

18. THE RACOON FAMILY

COATI

RACOON

GIANT PANDA

RED PANDA

KINKAJOU

19. WEASEL FAMILY- WEASELS AND POLECATS

BLACK-FOOTED FERRET

DOMESTIC FERRET

MARTENS

PINE MARTEN

FISHER (PEKAN, VIRGINIAN POLECAT)

MINK

AMERICAN MINK

EUROPEAN MINK

SKUNK

WEASEL

WOLVERINE

OTTERS

BADGER

NORTH AMERICAN OTTER

RIVER OTTER

SEA OTTER

SMALL CLAWED OTTER

20. THE MONGOOSE FAMILY

BINTURONG

CIVET

GENET

MEERKATS

AFRICAN & ASIAN MONGOOSE

BANDED MONGOOSE

DWARF MONGOOSE

GRAY MEERKAT (SURICATE MONGOOSE)

RED MEERKAT (YELLOW MONGOOSE

21. THE HYENA FAMILY

AARDWOLF

BROWNS HYENA

SPOTTED HYENA

STRIPED HYENA

22. MARSUPIALS

AMERICAN OPOSSUM

BANDICOOTS AND BILBIES

CUSCUSES AND BRUSHTAIL POSSUMS

HONEY POSSUM

KANGAROOS AND WALLABIES

KOALA

MARSUPIAL CARNIVORES

TASMANIAN DEVIL

RINGTAILS, PYGMY POSSUMS, GLIDERS

WOMBAT

COMMON WOMBAT

23. LARGE HERBIVORES – THE UNGULATES

23A. PRIMITIVE UNGULATES

AARDVARK (ANT BEAR OR EARTH PIG) [AFRICA]

ELEPHANTS

ELEPHANT (AFRICAN)

ELEPHANT (ASIAN)

HYRAXES

ROCK HYRAX (DASSIE)

23B. THE HOOFED MAMMALS

23B.1. ODD-TOED UNGULATES

ASSES, HORSES AND ZEBRAS

BURCHELL’S ZEBRA (PLAINS ZEBRA)

GREVE’S ZEBRA-KENYA

DOMESTIC HORSE

MINIATURE HORSE

RHINOCEROSES

BLACK RHINOCEROS

INDIAN RHINOCEROS

WHITE RHINOCEROS

AFRICAN DONKEY

SARDINIAN DONKEY

TAPIR

23B.2. EVEN-TOED UNGULATES

23B.2.1. NON-RUMINANT EVEN-TOED UNGULATES

WILD PIGS AND BOARS

OLD WORLD PIGS

BABIRUSA

BUSH PIG (RED RIVER HOG)

DOMESTIC BOAR

PECCARIES (JAVELINA)

PYGMY HOG

WARTHOG

HIPPOPOTAMUS

CAMELS, LLAMAS AND ALPACAS

ALPACA

CAMELS

BACTRIAN CAMEL

DROMEDARY CAMEL

GUANACO

LLAMA

VICUNA

23B.2.2. RUMINANT EVEN-TOED UNGULATES

23B.2.2.a. WILD CATTLE

AMERICAN BISON

CAPE BUFFALO

WATER BUFFALO

YAK

23B.2.2.b. SPIRALED HORNED ANTELOPES

BONGO

BUSHBUCK

COMMON ELAND

GIANT ELAND

GREATER KUDU

MOUNTAIN NYALA

23B.2.2.c. BROWZING ANTELOPES

GIRAFFE

OKAPI

23B.2.2.d. GRAZING ANTELOPES

GNU (WHITE-TAILED GNU, BLACK WILDEBEEST)

WILDEBEEST

HARTEBEEST

IMPALA

LECHWE

PUKU

REEDBUCK

RHEBOK

TESSEBE

WATERBUCK

23B.2.2.e. HORSE-LIKE ANTELOPES

GEMSBOK (ORYX, BEISA ORYX)

ORYX

PRONGHORN ANTELOPE

ROAN ANTELOPE

SABLE ANTELOPE

SCIMITAR ORYX

TOPI

23B.2.2.f. GAZELLES AND DWARF ANTELOPES

ARGALE GOAT

DIK DIK

DOMESTIC AND WILD GOATS

GERENUK

GAZELLE

23B.2.2.g. GOAT ANTELOPES

PIGMY GOAT

SPRINGBOK (SPRINGBUCK)

STEENBOK (STEENBUCK)

BIGHORN SHEEP

CHEVROTAIN (MOUSE DEER)

DOMESTIC SHEEP

MUSK DEER

23B.2.2.h. DEER

CARIBOU (REINDEER)

DUIKER

MOOSE

MULE DEER

MUNTJAC

RED DEER

REED BUCK

SAMBAR

WAPITI (ELK)

WHITETAIL DEER

24. SMALL HERBIVORES: RODENTS

24A. SQUIRREL-LIKE RODENTS

ALPINE MARMOT

BEAVER

MOUNTAIN BEAVER

POCKET GOPHER

PRAIRIE DOG

SCALY-TAILED SQUIRRELS AND POCKET MICE

KANGAROO RAT

SPRINGHARE

SQUIRRELS

SUGAR GLIDER

24B. MOUSE-LIKE RODENTS

DORMICE

COMMON DORMOUSE (HAZEL MOUSE)

GERBIL

HAMSTERS

COMMON HAMSTER

POCKET MICE

NEW WORLD RATS AND MICE

DEER MOUSE (WHITE-FOOTED MOUSE)

WOOD RAT

OLD WORLD RATS AND MICE

COMMON RAT (NORWAY RAT, BROWN RAT)

HOUSE MOUSE

JERBOA

JUMPING MICE AND BIRCHMICE

VOLES AND LEMMINGS

MEADOW VOLE

PINE VOLE

MUSKRAT

24C. CAVY-LIKE RODENTS

CAPYBARA

CAVIES

GUINEA PIG (DOMESTIC)

GUINEA PIG (PATAGONIAN)

DEGU (SOUTH AMERICAN RAT)

PACA

NEW WORLD PORCUPINES

AFRICAN PORCUPINE

NORTH AMERICAN PORCUPINE

24D. OTHER CAVY-LIKE RODENTS

AGOUTI

CHINCHILLA

24E. OLD WORLD PORCUPINES

AFRICAN MOLE-RAT

GUNDI

25. LAGOMORPHS

NORTH AMERICAN PIKA

RABBITS AND HARES

ANTELOPE JACKRABBIT

EASTERN COTTONTAIL

SNOWSHOE HARE

26. ELEPHANT-SHREW

27. INSECT-EATERS: INSECTIVORES

GOLDEN MOLE

HEDGEHOG

MOLES AND DESMANS

WESTERN MOLE

SHREW

SOLENODON

TENREC

28. EDENTATES

ANTEATER

ARMADILLO; NINE-BANDED

GIANT ARMADILLO (ONE OF THE FAIRY ARMADILLOS)

PANGOLIN

SLOTHS

THREE-TOED SLOTH

TWO-TOED SLOTH

29. BATS

BROWN BAT

OLD WORLD FRUIT BAT

VESPERTILIONID BAT

30. MONOTREMES

DUCK-BILLED PLATYPUS

ECHIDNA

31. MARINE MAMMALS

31A. WHALES, PORPOISES AND DOLPHINS

31A.1. TOOTHED WHALES

BEAKED WHALE

DOLPHINS

BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHIN

COMMON DOLPHIN

FALSE KILLER WHALE

KILLER WHALE

PORPOISE

RIVER DOLPHIN

SPERM WHALE

WHITE WHALE

BELUGA WHALE

31A.2. BALEEN WHALES

GRAY WHALE

RIGHT WHALE

RORQUAL

HUMPBACK WHALE

31B. SEALS AND SEA LIONS

31B.1. EARED SEALS

CALIFORNIA SEA LION

HOODED SEALS

STELLAR SEA LION

NORTHERN FUR SEAL

31B.2. TRUE SEALS (HAIR SEALS)

CRABEATER SEAL

ELEPHANT SEAL

HARBOUR SEAL

WALRUS

31C. SEA COWS AND MANATEES

DUGONG

MANATEE

32. AMPHIBIANS

TORTOISE

TURTLE

33. REPTILES

CAIMAN

CROCODILE

LIZARD

CAMELEON

IGUANA

KOMODO DRAGON

MONITOR LIZARD

SNAKES

ANACONDA

VINE BOA

34. AVIAN

34A. BIRDS OF PREY

EAGLES

AFRICAN FISHING EAGLE

AMERICAN BALD EAGLE

BATELLEUR EAGLE

MARTIAL EAGLE

TAWNY EAGLE

OWLS

AFRICAN GIANT EAGLE OWL

AFRICAN PELS FISHING OWL

SPOTTED EAGLE OWL

WHITE FACED OWL

34B. SCAVANGERS

LONG-TAILED SHRIKE

MAGPIE

VULTURES

TURKEY VULTURE

WHITE-BACKED VULTURE

STORKS

MARIBOO STORK

YELLOW-BILLED STORK

OPEN-BILLED STORK

SADDLE-BILLED STORK

34C. PSITTACINE BIRDS

HORNBILLS

AFRICAN GREY HORNBILL

RED-BILLED HORNBILL

SOUTHERN GROUND HORNBILL

YELLOW-BILLED

LOVE BIRD

MACAW

34D. GROUND-NESTING BIRDS AND SHORE BIRDS

CROWNED CRANE

SAURUS CRANE

WATTLED CRANE

EGRET

QUEEN EGRET

EMU

FLAMINGO

HOODED GUINEAFOWL

HAMMERKOP

SQUACCO HERON

IBIS

KINGFISHER

KOOKABURRA

KORI BUSTARD

OSTRICH

SECRETARY BIRD

34E. AQUATIC BIRDS

BLACK CORMORANT

DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT

PELICAN

PENGUIN

34E.1. DUCKS, GEESE AND AQUATIC BIRDS

34E.1A. DUCKS AND GEESE

34E.1A.1. DUCKS

AFRICAN SPOON-BILL

DOUBLE CRESTED CORMORANT

MALLARD DUCK

COMMON MERGANSER

NORTHERN SHOVELER DUCK

RING-NECKED DUCK

WOOD DUCK

34E.2A.2. GEESE

CANADA GOOSE

EGYPTIAN GOOSE

SPUR-WINGED GOOSE

APPENDICIES

I.TAXONOMY

II.TYPES OF DENTITION

III.DENTAL FORMULAS

IV.FEEDING ADAPTATIONS

GLOSSARY

REFERENCES

INDEX

Peter P. Emily, DDS, Hon. Dipl. American Veterinary Dental College (AVDC), is certified in human dentistry in periodontology, pathology and radiology and is the founder of the Peter Emily International Veterinary Dental Foundation.

Edward R. Eisner, AB, DVM, Dipl. American Veterinary Dental College (AVDC), AVDC-ZWD (founding certificate holder in zoo and wildlife dentistry), is Associate DVM Dental Specialist and Chief of Dental Services at VCA Highlands Ranch Animal Specialty and Emergency Center in Highlands Ranch, Colorado, USA.