• Introduction to Diseases, Diagnosis, and Management of Dogs and Cats covers the diseases of dogs and cats and their remedial measure after drug application. The book describes disease evaluation and its pathogenesis, identification of pathogens and their severity to animals, exhibition of disease manifestation, and preventive and treatment strategies to counteract the etiopathogenesis caused by several types of pathogens. The exhibitions of animal disease severity as well as clinical manifestation are also justified for microbial pathogen identification. Finally, treatment regimes are evaluated to counteract diseases, with an emphasis on etiological factors, disease diagnosis and control measures.

    Users will find this to be an idea reference on recent advancements in diseases that affect cats and dogs that also highlights the management of diseases in a well-structured fashion.

    • Discusses clinical diseases of dogs and cats including those that impact major systems in the body, specimen collection, clinical examination, diagnosis, and medical interventions
    • Covers the etiology and epidemiology, physical examination abnormalities, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis, immunity and vaccination, and prevention of infectious diseases
    • Explores advances in diagnosis and treatment including molecular diagnostic techniques and therapies

  • Contributors
    Preface
    Acknowledgments

    Section A
    Introduction of diseases


    1. General aspects of introduction to diseases, diagnosis, and management of dogs and cats
    Ranbir Singh Jatav, Aditya Pratap, Nitin Vaishnav, and Neha Sharma


    1. Introduction

    2. Diagnosis and management of various diseases of dog and cat

    2.1 General systemic condition

    2.2 Diseases of cardiovascular system

    2.3 Diseases of digestive system

    2.4 Diseases of respiratory system

    2.5 Diseases of urinary system

    2.6 Diseases of nervous system

    2.7 Deficiency diseases

    2.8 Dermatological disorder

    2.9 Endocrine disorder in dogs and cats

    2.10 Neonatal diseases

    2.11 Bacterial diseases

    2.12 Viral disease

    2.13 Fungal disease of dogs and cats

    2.14 Parasitic diseases of canine and feline

    2.15 Protozoal diseases of dogs and cats

    2.16 Hereditary diseases in dogs and cats


    2. Biological system of dogs and cats and its clinical management
    Avnish Kumar Gautam, Manoj Kumar Sinha, Sanjay Kumar Bharti, and Anil Kumar


    1. Introduction

    2. Musculoskeletal system of dog and cat

    2.1 Skull

    3. Digestive system

    3.1 Salivary glands

    3.2 Pharynx

    3.3 Esophagus

    3.4 Stomach

    3.5 Small intestine

    3.6 Large intestine

    3.7 Liver

    3.8 Pancreas

    4. Respiratory system

    5. Male reproductive organs of dog and cat

    6. Female reproductive organs of bitch and queen

    7. Mammary glands

    8. Urinary system

    9. Endocrine system

    10. Sense organ

    10.1 Ear

    10.2 Clinical importance of surface anatomy

    11. Common disorders of dog and its clinical management

    12. Common endoparasitic infestation in dogs and cats

    13. Common disorders of cat and its clinical management

    14. Vaccination schedule: Dogs and puppies

    15. Feline vaccination schedule
    References


    3. Nutritional strategies of dogs and cats
    Amitava Roy, Abhishek Pathak, Alok Mishra, and Tanmoy Rana


    1. What is nutritionally balanced dog food?

    1.1 Balanced dog food should meet your dog’s energy requirements

    2. Protein in dog food

    2.1 Sources of protein in dog food

    2.2 What does crude protein mean?

    2.3 How much protein does my dog need?

    2.4 Can dogs be allergic to certain proteins?

    2.5 Taurine in cats

    3. Fat in dog food

    3.1 Sources of fat in dog and cat food

    4. Carbohydrates in dog food

    4.1 Fiber from carbohydrates

    4.2 Sources of carbohydrates

    4.3 How much carbohydrates require for dog?

    5. Vitamins in dog food

    5.1 Which vitamins do dogs need?

    5.2 Do dogs need vitamin supplements?

    6. Minerals in dog food

    6.1 Which minerals do dogs need?

    7. Water requirements for dogs

    8. Homemade balanced dog food?

    8.1 The right puppy food?

    9. Classification of pet food based on the nutrient content

    9.1 Complete food

    9.2 Complementary food

    9.3 Mixer biscuit

    9.4 Snack/treat

    10. Dog food recommendations for overweight dogs

    11. Nutritional strategy to prevent disease in healthy dogs and cats

    11.1 Feeding the healthy dog and cat

    11.2 How much to feed?

    11.3 How to feed?

    11.4 What to feed?
    References


    4. Clinical examination and diagnostic perspectives in dogs and cats
    Manisha Mehra, Omprakash Singh, and Jaykumar Desai


    1. Introduction

    2. Noninvasive diagnostic tests

    3. Invasive pathology test

    3.1 Complete blood count (CBC)

    3.2 Blood biochemistry

    3.3 Blood parasites in dogs

    3.4 Urine analysis

    3.5 Dog and cat fecal exams
    References


    5. Maintenance of fluids, electrolytes, and acid–base therapy in dogs and cats
    Abhishek Pathak, Satya Pal Singh, Raktim Saikia, and Preeti Bisht


    1. Introduction

    2. Body Fluid compartments

    2.1 Total body water

    2.2 Extracellular fluid volume

    2.3 Intracellular fluid volume

    3. Regulation of electrolytes and body fluids

    3.1 Effective circulating volume or ECV

    3.2 Antidiuretic hormone

    3.3 Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone axis

    3.4 Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

    4. Physiology of acid–base balance

    4.1 Metabolic acidosis

    4.2 Respiratory acidosis

    4.3 Metabolic alkalosis

    4.4 Respiratory alkalosis

    4.5 Mixed acid–base imbalances

    4.6 Anion gap

    5. Assessment of imbalances

    5.1 Dehydration (water depletion)

    5.2 Overhydration (water excess)

    5.3 Sodium

    5.4 Potassium

    5.5 Chloride

    6. Clinical features of fluid and electrolyte balance

    6.1 History

    6.2 Clinical signs

    7. Clinical and pathological indicators of fluid and electrolyte imbalance

    7.1 Total plasma protein and packed cell volume

    7.2 Hyponatremia

    7.3 Hypernatremia

    7.4 Serum potassium

    7.5 Serum chloride

    7.6 Osmolality

    8. Purpose of fluid therapy

    9. Type of fluids

    10. Routes of administration

    11. Monitoring fluid therapy

    12. Contraindications for fluid therapy

    13. Discontinuation of fluid therapy

    14. Conclusion
    References


    6. Collection, preservation processing, and dispatch of samples for disease diagnosis in dogs and cats
    P. Gumasta, R.C. Ghosh, P.M. Sonkusale, and P. Kumar


    1. Introduction

    2. Collection and preservation of specimen for histopathology examination

    3. Collection and preservation of specimen for bacteriological examination

    4. Collection and preservation of specimen for virological examination

    5. Collection and preservation of specimen for toxicological examination

    6. Collection procedure of different biological material/specimen

    7. Processing and dispatch of material

    8. Essential pathological tests for diagnosis of disease in dogs and cats

    8.1 Hematology

    8.2 Postmortem examination

    8.3 Serology

    8.4 Molecular diagnosis

    8.5 PCR

    8.6 Reverse transcriptase RT-PCR

    8.7 Real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR, or qPCR)

    8.8 Cytopathology

    8.9 Histopathology


    7. Necropsy procedure and basic laboratory methods in dogs and cats
    Sanjiv Kumar


    1. Necropsy procedure

    1.1 Postmortem procedure

    2. Basic laboratory diagnostic procedures

    2.1 Blood examination

    2.2 Differential leucocyte count (DLC)

    2.3 Interpretation of DLC

    3. Urine analysis

    3.1 Collection of urine

    3.2 Physical examination of urine

    3.3 Chemical examination of urine

    3.4 Microscopic examination of urine

    3.5 Cultural examination of urine

    4. Diagnostic cytology

    4.1 Collection of specimens

    4.2 Fixation of the specimen

    4.3 Papanicolaou staining

    4.4 Interventional cytopathology

    5. Diagnostic histopathology

    5.1 Cryo-sectioning/frozen sectioning

    5.2 Paraffin embedding technique

    5.3 Hematoxylin and eosin staining

    6. Parasitological examination

    6.1 Examination of mites

    6.2 Examination of specimens

    6.3 Examination of fecal sample

    7. Clinical biochemistry

    7.1 Hyperbilirubinemia

    8. Bacteriological examination

    8.1 Isolation of pure culture by streak plate method

    8.2 Gram staining of bacteria

    8.3 Antibiotic sensitivity test by disc method

    9. Fungal examination

    9.1 Sample collection

    9.2 Lactophenol cotton blue staining of fungi in wet mounts

    Section B
    Clinical diseases of dogs and cats


    8. Behavioral disorders of dogs and cats
    Abrar Ul Haq


    1. Introduction

    2. Noise-related anxiety

    3. Aggression

    4. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

    5. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

    6. Separation anxiety disorder (SAD)

    7. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

    8. Behavior problems and pain

    9. Issues with vomeronasal organ and behavior

    10. Heart diseases and behavioral issues

    11. Some adverse outcomes of drugs prescribed for behavioral disorders
    References


    9. Respiratory diseases of dogs and cats
    Abhishek Pathak, Varun Asediya, Pranav Anjaria, and Satya Pal Singh


    1. Introduction 115

    2. Anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system in dogs and cats

    2.1 The structure and function of the upper respiratory tract (nasal passages, sinuses, pharynx)

    2.2 The structure and function of the lower respiratory tract (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli)

    2.3 The role of the respiratory system in gas exchange and regulation of blood pH

    3. Pathogenic agents that cause respiratory diseases in dogs and cats

    3.1 Overview of common pathogens causing respiratory diseases

    3.2 Modes of transmission for respiratory pathogens

    4. Host defense mechanisms in respiratory diseases in dogs and cats

    4.1 Mucociliary clearance

    4.2 Immune response

    4.3 Inflammatory response

    4.4 Antimicrobial peptides

    5. Common respiratory diseases in dogs

    5.1 Canine infectious respiratory disease complex

    5.2 Canine influenza

    5.3 Canine distemper

    5.4 Canine parainfluenza virus

    6. Common respiratory diseases in cats

    6.1 Feline upper respiratory infection

    6.2 Feline asthma

    6.3 Feline calicivirus

    6.4 Feline herpesvirus-1

    7. Recent advancement in the respiratory disease diagnosis

    7.1 Immunological and pathological aspects

    7.2 Biological and chemical analysis

    7.3 Genetic and cellular aspects

    7.4 Physiological aspects

    7.5 Clinical aspects

    7.6 Environmental and behavioral aspects

    7.7 One health aspects

    7.8 Economic and societal aspects

    8. Conclusion and future directions
    References


    10. Urinary system diseases of dogs and cats
    Ramesh Putchakayala and Haritha G S


    1. Introduction

    2. Urinary tract infections in dogs and cats

    2.1 Bacterial urinary tract infection

    2.2 Fungal urinary tract infection

    2.3 Viral urinary tract infection

    3. Clinical signs

    4. Diagnosis

    5. Treatment

    6. Urolithiasis

    6.1 Clinical signs and diagnosis

    6.2 Treatment and management of uroliths

    7. Urinary tract tumors

    8. Chronic kidney disease

    8.1 Clinical signs

    8.2 Diagnosis

    8.3 Management of CKD

    8.4 Prognosis of CKD

    9. Acute kidney injury
    References


    11. Diseases of the reproductive system of male dogs and cats
    Ashok Kumar Chaudhary, Govind Narayan Purohit, Sunita Choudhary, and Hemlata


    1. Diseases of testes and epididymis

    1.1 Cryptorchidism

    1.2 Orchitis/epididymitis

    1.3 Brucellosis

    1.4 Testicular neoplasm

    1.5 Testicular torsion/spermatic cord torsion

    2. Diseases of the prostate

    2.1 Benign prostatic hypertrophy/hyperplasia

    2.2 Prostatitis

    2.3 Prostatic cysts

    2.4 Prostatic neoplasia

    3. Diseases of penis and prepuce

    3.1 Balanoposthitis

    3.2 Phimosis and paraphimosis

    3.3 Priapism

    3.4 Penile neoplasia
    References


    12. Autoimmune diseases of dogs and cats
    Ahmed Abd El-Fattah Daha


    1. Induction of autoimmunity

    2. Normal immune responses

    2.1 Antigens hidden in cells or tissues (cryptic antigens)

    2.2 Antigens generated by molecular changes

    2.3 Receptor editing

    3. Abnormal immune responses

    3.1 Failure of regulatory control

    3.2 Infection-induced autoimmunity

    3.3 Microchimerism

    4. Predisposing factors

    4.1 Genetic predisposition

    4.2 Breed predispositions

    4.3 Intestinal microbiota

    5. Mechanisms of tissue damage in autoimmunity

    5.1 Type I hypersensitivity

    5.2 Type II hypersensitivity

    5.3 Type III hypersensitivity

    5.4 Type IV hypersensitivity

    6. Autoimmunity and autoimmune disease in dogs and cats

    6.1 Dog autoimmune disease

    6.2 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

    6.3 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

    6.4 Autoimmune skin disease

    6.5 Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA)

    6.6 Autoimmune thrombocytopenia (AITP)

    6.7 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)

    6.8 Addison’s disease

    6.9 Lymphocytic thyroiditis

    6.10 Myasthenia gravis

    6.11 Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome

    6.12 Polymyositis

    6.13 Autoimmune masticatory myopathy

    6.14 Cat autoimmune disease

    6.15 Granulomatous diseases of infectious etiology

    6.16 Gammopathies (dysproteinemias or paraproteinemias)

    6.17 Polyclonal gammopathy

    6.18 Monoclonal gammopathy

    6.19 Organ-specific autoimmune diseases

    7. Hormonal influence on autoimmunity

    8. Primary vs secondary autoimmune disease

    8.1 Drugs and vaccines as triggers for autoimmunity

    8.2 Environmental triggers of autoimmunity

    8.3 Infectious triggers of autoimmunity

    8.4 Inflammatory response might lead to damage

    9. Immunodiagnostic tests for autoimmunity

    10. Immunodiagnostic tests for autoimmunity

    10.1 Antinuclear antibody test
    References


    13. Diseases of cardiovascular system of dogs and cats
    S. Yogeshpriya


    1. Introduction

    2. Congenital heart diseases

    2.1 Subaortic stenosis

    2.2 Pulmonic stenosis (PS)

    2.3 Dysplasia of the atrioventricular valves (DAV)

    2.4 Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

    2.5 Ventricular septal defects (VSD)

    2.6 Tetralogy of fallot (TF)

    2.7 Eisenmerger’s syndrome (ES)

    2.8 Atrial septal defects (ASD)

    2.9 Atrioventricular canal defects (AVC)

    3. Acquired heart diseases

    3.1 Diagnosis

    3.2 Thoracic radiography

    3.3 Electrocardiography

    3.4 Cardiac catheterization

    3.5 Echocardiography

    3.6 Doppler echocardiography (DE)

    3.7 Cardiac biomarker

    3.8 Treatment

    3.9 Common drugs used
    References


    14. Diseases of reproductive system of female dogs and cats
    Ashok Kumar Chaudhary, Govind Narayan Purohit, Amit Kumar, and Sandeep Dholpuria


    1. Diseases of ovary

    1.1 Ovarian cyst

    1.2 Ovarian remnant syndrome

    1.3 Ovarian neoplasia

    2. Diseases of uterus

    2.1 Cystic endometrial hyperplasia pyometra complex

    2.2 Metritis

    2.3 Subinvolution of placental sites

    2.4 Uterine neoplasia

    3. Diseases of vagina

    3.1 Vaginal fold prolapse

    3.2 Vaginal neoplasia

    4. Other diseases

    4.1 Canine pseudopregnancy
    References


    15. Diseases of endocrine system in dogs and cats
    Ambica Gadige, Aruna Maramulla, Mohanambal Kaliyan, Anil Kumar Banothu, and Satish Kumar Karlapudi


    1. Introduction

    2. Hypothyroidism

    2.1 Anatomy and pathophysiology

    2.2 Clinical signs

    2.3 Diagnosis

    2.4 Treatment

    3. Hyperthyroidism

    3.1 Clinical signs

    3.2 Diagnosis

    3.3 Treatment

    4. Diabetes mellitus

    4.1 Factors and pathophysiology

    4.2 Clinical signs

    4.3 Diagnosis

    4.4 Treatment

    5. Hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) (or) Cushing’s syndrome

    5.1 Factors and pathophysiology

    5.2 Clinical signs

    5.3 Diagnosis

    5.4 Treatment

    6. Hypoadrenocorticism (or) Addison’s disease

    6.1 Clinical signs

    6.2 Therapy

    7. Primary hypoparathyroidism

    8. Primary hyperparathyroidism

    9. Secondary hyperparathyroidism

    10. Hyperaldosteronism in cats

    11. Sex-hormone dermatoses

    12. Hyperestrogenism

    13. Hyperandrogenism

    14. Immune-mediated endocrine deficiency syndromes
    References


    16. Diseases of the nervous system of dogs and cats
    G.K. Chetan Kumar, A. Ashwini, C Sunita, and R.S. Sagar


    1. Introduction

    2. Cells of the nervous system

    2.1 Neurons

    2.2 Neuroglial cells or supporting cells

    3. Cranial nerves

    4. Diagnosis of neurological problems in dogs and cats

    4.1 History and signalment

    4.2 Physical examination

    4.3 Neurological examination

    4.4 Test on blood and serum

    4.5 Cerebrospinal fluid analysis

    4.6 Electroencephalography (EEG)

    4.7 Electromyography (EMG)

    4.8 Brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER)

    4.9 Spinal cord evoked response

    4.10 Routine radiography

    4.11 Myelography

    4.12 Computed tomography (CT)

    4.13 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

    4.14 Surgical biopsy

    5. Common affections of the nervous system in small animals

    5.1 Epilepsy

    5.2 Paralysis

    5.3 Meningitis/encephalitis/meningoencephalitis

    5.4 Encephalomalacia
    References


    17. Diseases of integument system of dogs and cats
    Mahmuda Malik, Chandra Prakash Dixit, Jove Jacob, and Sushanta Goswami


    18. Gastrointestinal disorders of dogs and cats
    Justin Davis Kollannur, A. Javed Jameel, and Sunitha Choudhary


    1. Esophageal disorders

    1.1 Megaesophagus

    1.2 Esophagitis

    1.3 Esophageal strictures

    1.4 Esophageal foreign bodies

    1.5 Esophageal tumors

    1.6 Gastroesophageal intussusception

    1.7 Vascular ring anomalies

    1.8 Dysautonomia

    2. Gastric disorders

    2.1 Gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV)

    2.2 Gastritis

    2.3 Gastric/peptic ulceration

    3. Diseases of small intestine

    3.1 Protein-losing enteropathy

    3.2 Intestinal obstruction

    3.3 Intussusception

    3.4 Dysmotility

    4. Disorders of large intestine

    4.1 Colitis

    4.2 Acute colitis

    4.3 Chronic enteropathy

    4.4 Constipation, obstipation, and megacolon
    References


    19. Occular manifestation of infectious and noninfestious disease of dogs and cats
    Burhan Nabi, Jehanzeb Yousuf, S.R. Upadhyay, and Rajiv Singh


    1. Introduction

    2. Systemic diseases with ocular manifestation

    2.1 Canine distemper

    2.2 Infectious canine hepatitis

    3. Feline herpesvirus

    4. Ocular problems in canines and felines due to endocrine disease

    4.1 Diabetes mellitus

    4.2 Hyperadenocorticism (Cushing’s disease)

    4.3 Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease)

    4.4 Growth hormone disorders

    4.5 Hypothyroidism

    4.6 Hyperthyroidism

    4.7 Calcium disorders
    References


    20. Diseases of ear in dogs and cats
    Ambica Gadige, Srujan Racharla, Lokesh Lella, and Anil Kumar Banothu


    1. Introduction

    2. Anatomy of ear of dogs and cats

    2.1 Anatomy of external ear

    2.2 Anatomy of middle ear

    2.3 Anatomy of internal ear

    3. Diseases of external ear

    3.1 Diseases of external ear

    3.2 Aural hematoma

    4. Disease of middle ear (or) otitis media

    4.1 Risk factors

    4.2 Clinical signs

    4.3 Diagnosis

    4.4 Treatment

    5. Disease of inner ear (or) otitis interna

    6. Deafness

    6.1 Causes of deafness

    6.2 Diagnosis

    6.3 Therapy

    7 Aural neoplasia
    References


    21. Overview on diseases of blood and hematopoietic system in dogs and cats
    K. Karthika and S. Poobitha


    1. Hematopoietic system in animals

    2. Red blood cells in animals

    2.1 Absolute erythrocytosis

    2.2 Anemia in dogs and cats

    3. White blood cells in animals

    3.1 Decreased hematopoietic marrow cell production

    3.2 Five distinct stages in the process of phagocytosis have been identified

    4. Lymphocytes in animals

    5. Platelets in animals

    5.1 Thrombocytopathies

    5.2 Bleeding disorders in dogs and cats

    5.3 Primary hemostasis

    5.4 Secondary hemostasis

    5.5 Diseases of primary hemostasis

    5.6 Disorders of coagulation

    6. Neoplasia of the myeloid system

    6.1 Lymphoid system neoplasia

    6.2 Anatomic pattern

    6.3 Leukemic form (lymphocytic leukemia)

    6.4 Other miscellaneous forms of malignant lymphoma

    6.5 Histologic classification
    References 319


    22. Diseases and disorders of the musculoskeletal system in dogs and cats
    K. Karthika and P.K. Ramkumar


    1. Myopathies

    2. Myositis

    2.2 Causes

    2.3 Tendinitis

    3. Prevention of musculoskeletal disorders

    4. Bone disorders in dogs

    4.1 Hypertrophic osteodystrophy

    4.2 Pediatric bone diseases (panosteitis)

    4.3 Avascular necrosis of the femoral head

    4.4 Multiple cartilaginous exostosis

    4.5 Slipped capital femoral epiphysis

    5. Joint disorders in dogs

    5.1 Clinical signs of musculoskeletal disorders

    5.2 Lameness examination

    6. Congenital musculoskeletal disorder

    7. Immune-mediated arthritis

    7.1 Myopathies

    8. Canine diskospondylitis

    9. Therapy for musculoskeletal system disorder

    9.1 Applications in the musculoskeletal system

    10. Musculoskeletal disorders of cats

    10.1 Inherited and developmental disorders

    10.2 Bone disorders in cats

    10.3 Joint disorders in cats

    10.4 Muscle disorders in cat

    11. Diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders in dogs and cats

    11.1 Diagnostic approach

    11.2 Therapeutic management

    11.3 Ultrasonic beam therapy
    References


    23. Geriatric diseases of dogs and cats
    Abhishek Pathak, Varun Asediya, Pranav Anjaria, and Satya Pal Singh


    1. Introduction

    2. Neural basis of cognitive decline in domestic dogs and cats during aging

    2.1 Brain structure and function in aging

    3. Neural mechanisms underlying cognitive decline in aging

    3.1 Inflammatory pathways: Linking chronic inflammation to age-related diseases

    3.2 Oxidative stress

    4. Skin and coat changes

    4.1 Understanding and managing skin problems in geriatric dogs and cats

    5. Changes in body weight and condition

    6. Musculoskeletal changes

    6.1 Sarcopenia

    6.2 Osteoarthritis

    6.3 Osteophytosis

    7. Metabolic dysregulations: The interplay of aging and chronic diseases

    7.1 Diabetes mellitus

    7.2 Obesity

    7.3 Fatty liver disease

    8. Oral and gingival diseases

    9. The role of the gut microbiome

    10. Respiratory tract changes

    11. Understanding the pathobiology of cardiac senescence: Heart diseases

    11.1 Dilated cardiomyopathy

    11.2 Valvular heart disease (VHD)

    11.3 Atrial fibrillation

    11.4 Arrhythmias

    11.5 Treatments for geriatric cardiovascular health

    12. Aging-associated nephropathy: Exploring renal function dynamics and pathophysiology

    12.1 Renal structure and function

    12.2 Hormonal changes

    12.3 Toxin and oxidative stress

    12.4 Urologic changes

    13. Changes to the endocrine system

    14. Age-related hearing and vision loss

    14.1 Pathophysiology of geriatric audiovisual impairment

    14.2 Diagnostic approaches for geriatric audio-visual impairment

    14.3 Treatment and management of geriatric audio-visual impairment

    14.4 Prevention of geriatric audio-visual impairment

    15. Fueling the aging process: The latest research on nutrition and geriatric disease prevention

    15.1 Innovative orthopedic therapeutic approaches for geriatric arthritis management

    15.2 Advances in geriatric nutritional therapies: Integrating genomics and emerging interventions

    15.3 Early detection and multimodal oncologic treatment

    15.4 Pathophysiology and evidence-based treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders

    15.5 Mitigating age-associated cognitive decline: Neuroprotective interventions

    15.6 Benefits of therapeutic massage and acupuncture

    15.7 The role of mental stimulation and exercise for geriatric pets

    16. Conclusions
    References


    24. Neoplasms in dog and cat
    Devendra Kumar Gupta, Randhir Singh, Nidhi Gupta, and Kshemankar Shrman


    1. Benign neoplasms

    2. Malignant neoplasms

    3. Hemopoietic system neoplasm

    4. Etiology

    5. Signs and symptoms of neoplasm

    6. Diagnosis

    7. Clinical staging

    7.1 TNM system

    7.2 Overall staging

    8. Therapeutic approaches

    9. Management of toxicities

    10. Common neoplasms in dogs and cats

    10.1 Lymphoma

    11. Anatomical classification

    11.1 Multicentric lymphoma

    11.2 Mediastinal lymphoma

    11.3 Gastrointestinal lymphoma

    11.4 Hepatic lymphoma

    11.5 Cutaneous lymphoma

    11.6 Ocular lymphoma

    11.7 Nervous system lymphoma

    11.8 Pulmonary lymphoma

    11.9 Atypical forms of canine lymphoma

    11.10 Evaluating dogs with lymphoma: Staging

    11.11 Therapy

    11.12 Chemotherapy

    11.13 Glucocorticoid

    11.14 Single-agent therapy

    11.15 Multiagent therapy

    11.16 Rescue protocols

    11.17 Lymphoma in cats

    12. Mammary tumor

    13. Hemangiosarcoma

    14. Mast cell tumors

    15. Sarcoma

    16. Squamous cell carcinomas

    17. Mouth and nose cancer

    18. Papilloma

    19. Canine transmissible venereal tumors
    References


    25. Diseases of hepatobiliary system of dogs and cats
    M. Saravanan and P.K. Ramkumar


    1. Introduction

    2. Clinical anatomy and physiology of hepatobiliary system

    3. Pathophysiology hepatobiliary disorders

    3.1 Portal hypertension

    3.2 Refractory ascites

    3.3 Stages of liver diseases

    4. Diagnosis of hepatobiliary disorders

    4.1 Signalment

    4.2 Food

    4.3 Drugs/medication

    4.4 Previous diseases illness

    4.5 Clinical signs

    4.6 Laboratory examination

    5. Treatment and management

    5.1 Treatment for ascites

    5.2 Management of hepatic encephalopathy

    5.3 Drug induced toxicity

    5.4 Other medications

    5.5 Nutritional management

    6. Conclusion
    Acknowledgment
    References


    26. Common toxicological phenomenon in dogs and cats
    Rashmi Rajashekaraiah and U. Sunilchandra


    1. Acetaminophen

    2. Acetone

    3. Amitraz

    4. Anticoagulant rodenticide

    5. Arsenic

    6. Bleaching powder

    7. Detergents, soaps, and shampoos

    8. Ethanol

    9. Grapes and Raisins

    10. Homemade and commercial play dough

    11. Honey bees, wasps, and hornets

    12. Iron

    13. Lead

    14. Metaldehyde

    15. Methylxanthines: Caffeine, theobromine, theophylline

    16. Mothballs

    17. Mushroom poisoning

    18. Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides

    19. Paintballs

    20. Plant poisoning

    21. Pyrethrins and pyrethroids

    22. Silica gel containing desiccant packs

    23. Snake poisoning

    24. Toad poisoning

    25. Xylitol

    26. Zinc phosphide

    27. Prevention
    References


    27. Anesthesia and pain management in dogs and cats
    Falguni Mridha


    1. Preanesthetic preparation

    1.1 Preparation of the animals on the day before experiment

    1.2 Preparation of the animals prior to experiment

    2. Vein cannulation

    2.1 Endotracheal intubation during anesthesia

    2.2 Monitoring

    3. Postanesthetic care

    4. General anesthesia

    4.1 Preanesthetic agents

    5. Parenteral anesthetic agents

    5.1 Barbiturates

    5.2 Nonbarbiturate agents

    5.3 Inhalational anesthesia

    5.4 Local and regional anesthesia

    6. Pain management in dogs and cats

    7. Management of pain

    7.1 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

    7.2 Others

    8. Pain management by some alternative solutions

    8.1 Physical rehabilitation

    8.2 Thermal therapy

    8.3 Laser therapy

    8.4 Extracorporeal shockwave therapy

    8.5 Therapeutic ultrasound

    8.6 Electrotherapy

    8.7 Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy

    8.8 Acupuncture

    8.9 Therapeutic exercise

    8.10 Hydrotherapy

    8.11 Massage
    References


    28. Drugs in therapeutic application of dogs and cats
    Muhammad Tahir Aleem, Furqan Munir, and Amna Shakoor


    1. Introduction

    2. Therapeutic applications of drugs

    2.1 Challenges and benefits of different routes of drug administration

    3. Drugs used for the treatment of diseases in dogs and cats

    3.1 Use of antibiotics

    3.2 Antiviral treatment

    3.3 Antiparasitic drugs

    3.4 Antifungal drugs

    3.5 Immunosuppressive drug therapies for dogs and cats

    3.6 Supportive drugs used in dogs and cats

    4. Conclusion
    Acknowledgments
    References


    29. Nutritional and metabolic diseases of dogs and cats
    Abhishek Pathak, Varun Asediya, Pranav Anjaria, and Satya Pal Singh


    1. Overview of nutritional and metabolic diseases in dogs and cats

    1.1 Epidemiology and prevalence

    1.2 Common nutritional and metabolic diseases in dogs and cats

    1.3 Diabetes mellitus

    1.4 Kidney disease

    1.5 Inflammatory bowel disease

    1.6 Pancreatitis

    1.7 Liver disease

    1.8 Hyperthyroidism

    1.9 Hypothyroidism

    1.10 Dental disease

    2. Factors influencing nutritional and metabolic diseases in dogs and cats

    2.1 The impact of breed-specific characteristics on the risk and severity of nutritional and metabolic diseases

    2.2 The effects of aging on the development and progression of nutritional and metabolic diseases

    2.3 The influence of gender and sex hormones on nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    2.4 The impact of social and environmental factors on the risk and severity of nutritional and metabolic diseases

    2.5 The impact of climate change on the prevalence and distribution of nutritional and metabolic diseases

    3. Mechanisms of nutritional and metabolic diseases in dogs and cats

    3.1 The impact of gut microbiota on the development of metabolic diseases

    3.2 The role of gut hormones on the regulation of nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.3 The influence of bile acid metabolism and the farnesoid X receptor on nutrient absorption and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.4 The role of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy in the development and progression of metabolic diseases

    3.5 The effects of oxidative stress and antioxidants on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.6 The impact of endogenous and exogenous stressors on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.7 The role of glucocorticoid signaling and stress response pathways in the development of metabolic diseases

    3.8 The impact of the kynurenine pathway and tryptophan metabolism on nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.9 The role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the regulation of immune function and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.10 The influence of histone modifications and DNA methylation on gene expression and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.11 The effects of nutrient-sensing pathways and transcriptional regulators on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.12 The influence of transcriptional coregulators and chromatin remodeling complexes on gene expression and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.13 The impact of lipoprotein metabolism and apolipoprotein expression on nutrient absorption and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.14 The effects of alternative splicing and mRNA stability on gene expression and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.15 The impact of mitochondrial DNA damage and mutation on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.16 The influence of the unfolded protein response and ER-associated degradation on protein quality control and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.17 The impact of mitochondrial oxidative stress and the electron transport chain on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.18 The role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and xenobiotic metabolism in the regulation of nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.19 The role of noncoding RNAs in the regulation of gene expression and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.20 The influence of circadian rhythms on nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.21 The role of autophagy in the regulation of cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.22 The impact of the gut-brain axis on the regulation of nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.23 The impact of gut dysbiosis on nutrient metabolism

    3.24 The effects of exercise and physical activity on nutrient metabolism and the prevention of metabolic diseases in dogs and cats

    4. Conclusion and future directions
    References

    Section C
    Infectious diseases of dogs and cats


    30. General introduction of infectious diseases in dogs and cats
    Abhishek Kalundia


    1. Introduction

    2. Modes of transmission of infectious diseases

    3. Factors affecting the susceptibility and severity of an infectious disease

    4. Infectious agents in dogs and cats

    4.1 Bacteria

    4.2 Rickettsiae

    4.3 Mycoplasma

    4.4 Virus

    4.5 Fungi

    4.6 Parasites

    5. Clinical diagnosis of infectious diseases

    6. Treatment of infectious diseases

    7. Prevention and control
    Acknowledgments
    References


    31. Clinical signs and symptoms of infectious diseases in dogs and cats
    Abhishek Kalundia


    1. Introduction

    2. General clinical findings of infectious diseases in dogs and cats

    2.1 Acute collapse

    2.2 Abdominal enlargement

    2.3 Anorexia

    2.4 Behavioral changes

    2.5 Lethargy and weakness

    2.6 Hyperthermia and pyrexia

    2.7 Epistaxis, sneezing, and nasal discharge

    2.8 Oral and dental problems

    2.9 Ear problems

    2.10 Lumps and bumps

    2.11 Lesions of the paw

    2.12 Problems related to the anus, perineum, and tail

    3. System-wise clinical findings of infectious diseases in dogs and cats

    3.1 The cardiovascular system

    3.2 The gastrointestinal system

    3.3 The eye

    3.4 The hematopoietic and lymphoreticular system

    3.5 The integumentary system

    3.6 The hepatobiliary system pancreas and spleen

    3.7 The musculoskeletal system

    3.8 The nervous system

    3.9 The peritoneal cavity

    3.10 The reproductive system

    3.11 The respiratory system

    3.12 The urinary system
    Acknowledgments
    References


    32. Parasitic diseases of dogs and cats
    Muhammad Tahir Aleem, Furqan Munir, and Amna Shakoor


    1. Introduction

    2. Zoonotic and economic importance of parasitic diseases

    3. Role of ectoparasites in the transmission of infections

    4. Protozoal diseases of dogs and cats

    4.1 Toxoplasmosis

    4.2 Giardiasis

    4.3 Babesiosis

    4.4 Hepatozoonosis

    4.5 Neosporosis

    5. Internal parasitic diseases of dogs and cats

    5.1 Dirofilariasis (heartworm disease)

    5.2 Leishmaniasis

    5.3 Toxocariasis

    5.4 Ancylostomiasis

    6. Ectoparasites infesting dogs and cats

    6.1 Scabies

    7. Control of parasitic diseases in dogs and cats

    8. Conclusion
    Acknowledgments
    References


    33. Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, and Chlamydia diseases of dogs and cats
    Nourhan Eissa


    1. Introduction

    1.1 Mycoplasma infections in dogs and cats

    1.2 Rickettsial infections in dogs and cats

    1.3 Chlamydial infections in dogs and cats

    2. Conclusion
    References


    34. Bacterial diseases of dogs and cats
    Abbas Rabiu Ishaq


    1. Introduction

    2. Salmonellosis

    2.1 Cause

    2.2 Hosts

    2.3 Spread

    2.4 Clinical signs

    2.5 Pathology

    2.6 Diagnosis

    2.7 Treatment

    2.8 Prevention

    3. Colibacillosis

    3.1 Cause

    3.2 Hosts

    3.3 Spread

    3.4 Pathogenesis

    3.5 Clinical signs

    3.6 Pathology

    3.7 Diagnosis

    3.8 Differential diagnosis

    3.9 Treatment

    3.10 Prevention

    4. Klebsiellosis

    4.1 Cause

    4.2 Hosts

    4.3 Spread

    4.4 Clinical signs

    4.5 Pathology

    4.6 Diagnosis

    4.7 Treatment

    5. Yersiniosis

    5.1 Cause

    5.2 Hosts

    5.3 Spread

    5.4 Pathogenesis

    5.5 Clinical signs

    5.6 Pathological findings

    5.7 Diagnosis

    5.8 Treatment

    5.9 Differential diagnoses

    5.10 Prevention

    6. Bartonellosis

    6.1 Cause

    6.2 Hosts

    6.3 Spread

    6.4 Pathogenesis

    6.5 Clinical signs

    6.6 Pathology

    6.7 Diagnosis

    6.8 Treatment

    6.9 Prevention

    7. Tularaemia

    7.1 Cause

    7.2 Hosts

    7.3 Spread

    7.4 Pathogenesis

    7.5 Clinical signs

    7.6 Pathology

    7.7 Diagnosis

    7.8 Treatment

    7.9 Prevention

    8. Campylobacteriosis

    8.1 Cause

    8.2 Hosts

    8.3 Spread

    8.4 Pathogenesis

    8.5 Clinical signs

    8.6 Pathology

    8.7 Diagnosis

    8.8 Treatment

    9. Listeriosis

    9.1 Cause

    9.2 Hosts

    9.3 Spread

    9.4 Pathogenesis

    9.5 Clinical signs

    9.6 Pathology

    9.7 Diagnosis

    9.8 Treatment

    9.9 Prevention

    10. Nocardiosis

    10.1 Cause

    10.2 Hosts

    10.3 Spread

    10.4 Pathogenesis

    10.5 Clinical signs

    10.6 Pathology

    10.7 Differential diagnosis

    10.8 Diagnosis

    10.9 Treatment

    11. Staphylococcal infections

    11.1 Cause

    11.2 Hosts

    11.3 Spread

    11.4 Pathogenesis

    11.5 Clinical signs

    11.6 Pathology

    11.7 Diagnosis

    11.8 Treatment

    11.9 Prevention

    12. Streptococcal infections

    12.1 Cause

    12.2 Hosts

    12.3 Spread

    12.4 Pathogenesis

    12.5 Clinical signs

    12.6 Pathology

    12.7 Diagnosis

    12.8 Treatment

    12.9 Prevention

    13. Tetanus

    13.1 Cause

    13.2 Hosts

    13.3 Spread

    13.4 Pathogenesis

    13.5 Clinical signs

    13.6 Differentials

    13.7 Diagnosis

    13.8 Prevention

    13.9 Treatment

    14. Pasteurellosis

    14.1 Cause

    14.2 Hosts

    14.3 Spread

    14.4 Clinical signs

    14.5 Diagnosis

    14.6 Treatment

    14.7 Prevention

    15. Clostridium perfringens infection

    15.1 Cause

    15.2 Hosts

    15.3 Spread

    15.4 Clinical signs

    15.5 Diagnosis

    15.6 Treatment

    16. Clostridium difficile infection

    16.1 Cause

    16.2 Hosts

    16.3 Spread

    16.4 Pathogenesis

    16.5 Clinical signs

    16.6 Diagnosis

    16.7 Treatment

    17. Brucellosis

    17.1 Cause

    17.2 Spread

    17.3 Hosts

    17.4 Pathogenesis

    17.5 Pathology

    17.6 Clinical signs

    17.7 Diagnosis

    17.8 Treatment

    17.9 Prevention and control

    18. Helicobacter infections

    18.1 Cause

    18.2 Hosts

    18.3 Spread

    18.4 Pathogenesis

    18.5 Clinical signs

    18.6 Pathology

    18.7 Diagnosis

    18.8 Treatment

    19. Pseudomoniasis

    19.1 Cause

    19.2 Hosts

    19.3 Spread

    19.4 Pathogenesis

    19.5 Clinical signs

    19.6 Diagnosis

    19.7 Treatment
    Acknowledgments
    References


    35. Fungal diseases of dogs and cats
    Nourhan Eissa


    1. Introduction

    2. Mechanisms of immunosuppression in dogs and cats

    3. Opportunistic fungal infections

    3.1 Phaeohyphomycosis

    3.2 Hyalohyphomycosis

    3.3 Eumycotic mycetoma

    3.4 Microsporum canis

    3.5 Sporothrix brasiliensis

    3.6 Aspergillosis

    3.7 Mucormycosis

    3.8 Candidiasis

    3.9 Blastomycosis

    3.10 Histoplasmosis

    3.11 Coccidiomycosis

    3.12 Cryptococcosis

    3.13 Paracoccidioidomycosis

    4. Mycotoxins and mycotoxicoses

    5. Diagnosis and treatment of mycotic infections in dogs and cats

    6. Conclusion
    References


    36. Common viral diseases of dogs and cats
    Mohammad Bashir Aliyu


    1. Viral diseases of dogs

    1.1 Canine adenovirus

    1.2 Influenza virus—H3N8, H3N2

    1.3 Canine parainfluenza virus

    1.4 Canine reovirus

    1.5 Coronavirus

    1.6 Rotavirus infection

    1.7 Astrovirus infection

    1.8 Calicivirus infection

    1.9 Canine parvovirus infection

    1.10 Canine bocaparvovirus

    1.11 Louping illness

    1.12 Pseudorabies

    1.13 Rabies

    1.14 Canine distemper

    2. Viral diseases of cats

    2.1 Feline herpes virus

    2.2 Feline calicivirus

    2.3 Feline leukemia virus

    2.4 Feline distemper/feline panleukemia

    2.5 Feline coronavirus

    2.6 Feline immunodeficiency virus
    References


    37. Zoonotic diseases of dogs and cats
    Shivangi Udainiya, Amita Tiwari, Apoorva Mishra, and Amita Dubey


    1. Viral diseases

    1.1 Rabies

    1.2 Noroviruses

    2. Fungal diseases

    2.1 Dermatophytosis

    3. Parasitic diseases

    3.1 Toxoplasmosis

    3.2 Leishmaniosis

    3.3 Giardiasis

    3.4 Echinococcosis

    3.5 Sarcoptes scabiei

    3.6 Cheyletiella blakei

    3.7 Cutaneous larva migrans

    3.8 Visceral larva migrans

    3.9 Ocular larva migrans

    4. Bacterial diseases

    4.1 Brucellosis

    4.2 Leptospirosis

    4.3 Bordetella bronchiseptica

    4.4 Campylobacteriosis

    4.5 Capnocytophaga infection

    4.6 Coxiella burnetii infection

    4.7 Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus

    4.8 Salmonella

    4.9 Staphylococcus intermedius

    4.10 Yersinia enterocolitica

    4.11 Cat scratch disease (Bartonella henselae)

    4.12 Plague (Yersinia pestis)
    References


    38. Drug resistance of infectious diseases of dogs and cats
    Amna Shakoor, Furqan Munir, and Muhammad Tahir Aleem


    1. Introduction

    2. Emerging drug resistance leads to global threat and its economic importance

    3. Accelerating factors responsible for drug resistance of infectious diseases of companion animals

    3.1 Role of mutation

    3.2 Antigenic shift and antigenic drift

    3.3 Misuse of antimicrobial drugs

    3.4 Emergence of new pathogenic variants

    4. Antimicrobial drug resistance in dogs and cats

    4.1 Antibacterial drug resistance

    4.2 Antifungal drug resistance

    4.3 Vaccinal resistance

    5. Emergence and spread of resistance in the drugs used against parasitic infections of dogs and cats

    5.1 Antiprotozoal drug resistance

    5.2 Anthelminthic drug resistance

    6. Possible ways to conserve drug efficacy and prevent drug resistance

    7. Future perspective

    8. Conclusion
    Acknowledgments
    References


    39. Diagnostic techniques of infectious diseases of dogs and cats
    Amita Dubey, Maneesh Jatav, Amita Tiwari, and Yamini Verma


    1. Clinical pathological techniques

    2. Microbiological techniques

    3. Necropsy and histopathological technique

    4. Diagnostic interpretation of common diseases in dogs and cats

    4.1 Bacterial diseases

    4.2 Viral diseases

    4.3 Fungal diseases

    4.4 Other diseases

    4.5 Canine anaplasmosis infection

    4.6 Dogs

    4.7 Cats


    40. One Health approach of infectious diseases of dogs and cats
    Shivangi Udainiya, Amita Tiwari, Apoorva Mishra, and Amita Dubey


    1. Introduction

    2. Bordetella bronchiseptica

    3. Brucella

    4. Campylobacter

    5. Capnocytophaga

    6. Coxiella burnetii

    7. Rabies

    8. Noroviruses

    9. Leptospira

    10. Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus

    11. Pasteurella

    12. Salmonella

    13. Staphylococcus intermedius

    14. Yersinia enterocolitica

    15. Zoonotic diseases of cats

    16. Campylobacteriosis

    17. Cat scratch disease (Bartonella henselae)

    18. Cat tapeworm (Dipylidium caninum)

    19. Cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium spp.)

    20. Giardiasis (Giardia duodenalis)

    21. Hookworm (Ancylostoma tubaeforme, Ancylostoma braziliense, Uncinaria stenocephala)

    22. MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)

    23. Plague (Yersinia pestis)

    24. Rabies

    25. Ringworm

    26. Roundworms (Toxocara spp.)

    27. Salmonellosis (Salmonella spp.)

    28. Sporotrichosis (Sporothrix spp.)

    29. Tick-borne diseases

    30. Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)

    31. Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)

    32. Prevention

    33. Conclusion
    References


    41. Prevention and control of infectious diseases
    Ranjini Manuel


    1. Introduction

    2. Domesticated populations

    2.1 Canine population

    2.2 Feline population

    3. Factors influencing infectious diseases progression and its prevention

    3.1 Hosts

    3.2 Pathogen

    3.3 Transmission

    3.4 Methods of transmission

    3.5 Environment

    3.6 Maintenance of disease

    3.7 The classical triad: Agent-hostenvironment relationship

    3.8 Immunoprohylaxis

    4. Disease control and prevention strategies

    4.1 Doing nothing

    4.2 Quarantine

    4.3 Euthanasia

    4.4 Vaccination

    4.5 Therapeutic chemotherapy

    5. Conclusion
    References

    IndexContributors
    Preface
    Acknowledgments

    Section A
    Introduction of diseases


    1. General aspects of introduction to diseases, diagnosis, and management of dogs and cats
    Ranbir Singh Jatav, Aditya Pratap, Nitin Vaishnav, and Neha Sharma


    1. Introduction

    2. Diagnosis and management of various diseases of dog and cat

    2.1 General systemic condition

    2.2 Diseases of cardiovascular system

    2.3 Diseases of digestive system

    2.4 Diseases of respiratory system

    2.5 Diseases of urinary system

    2.6 Diseases of nervous system

    2.7 Deficiency diseases

    2.8 Dermatological disorder

    2.9 Endocrine disorder in dogs and cats

    2.10 Neonatal diseases

    2.11 Bacterial diseases

    2.12 Viral disease

    2.13 Fungal disease of dogs and cats

    2.14 Parasitic diseases of canine and feline

    2.15 Protozoal diseases of dogs and cats

    2.16 Hereditary diseases in dogs and cats


    2. Biological system of dogs and cats and its clinical management
    Avnish Kumar Gautam, Manoj Kumar Sinha, Sanjay Kumar Bharti, and Anil Kumar


    1. Introduction

    2. Musculoskeletal system of dog and cat

    2.1 Skull

    3. Digestive system

    3.1 Salivary glands

    3.2 Pharynx

    3.3 Esophagus

    3.4 Stomach

    3.5 Small intestine

    3.6 Large intestine

    3.7 Liver

    3.8 Pancreas

    4. Respiratory system

    5. Male reproductive organs of dog and cat

    6. Female reproductive organs of bitch and queen

    7. Mammary glands

    8. Urinary system

    9. Endocrine system

    10. Sense organ

    10.1 Ear

    10.2 Clinical importance of surface anatomy

    11. Common disorders of dog and its clinical management

    12. Common endoparasitic infestation in dogs and cats

    13. Common disorders of cat and its clinical management

    14. Vaccination schedule: Dogs and puppies

    15. Feline vaccination schedule
    References


    3. Nutritional strategies of dogs and cats
    Amitava Roy, Abhishek Pathak, Alok Mishra, and Tanmoy Rana


    1. What is nutritionally balanced dog food?

    1.1 Balanced dog food should meet your dog’s energy requirements

    2. Protein in dog food

    2.1 Sources of protein in dog food

    2.2 What does crude protein mean?

    2.3 How much protein does my dog need?

    2.4 Can dogs be allergic to certain proteins?

    2.5 Taurine in cats

    3. Fat in dog food

    3.1 Sources of fat in dog and cat food

    4. Carbohydrates in dog food

    4.1 Fiber from carbohydrates

    4.2 Sources of carbohydrates

    4.3 How much carbohydrates require for dog?

    5. Vitamins in dog food

    5.1 Which vitamins do dogs need?

    5.2 Do dogs need vitamin supplements?

    6. Minerals in dog food

    6.1 Which minerals do dogs need?

    7. Water requirements for dogs

    8. Homemade balanced dog food?

    8.1 The right puppy food?

    9. Classification of pet food based on the nutrient content

    9.1 Complete food

    9.2 Complementary food

    9.3 Mixer biscuit

    9.4 Snack/treat

    10. Dog food recommendations for overweight dogs

    11. Nutritional strategy to prevent disease in healthy dogs and cats

    11.1 Feeding the healthy dog and cat

    11.2 How much to feed?

    11.3 How to feed?

    11.4 What to feed?
    References


    4. Clinical examination and diagnostic perspectives in dogs and cats
    Manisha Mehra, Omprakash Singh, and Jaykumar Desai


    1. Introduction

    2. Noninvasive diagnostic tests

    3. Invasive pathology test

    3.1 Complete blood count (CBC)

    3.2 Blood biochemistry

    3.3 Blood parasites in dogs

    3.4 Urine analysis

    3.5 Dog and cat fecal exams
    References


    5. Maintenance of fluids, electrolytes, and acid–base therapy in dogs and cats
    Abhishek Pathak, Satya Pal Singh, Raktim Saikia, and Preeti Bisht


    1. Introduction

    2. Body Fluid compartments

    2.1 Total body water

    2.2 Extracellular fluid volume

    2.3 Intracellular fluid volume

    3. Regulation of electrolytes and body fluids

    3.1 Effective circulating volume or ECV

    3.2 Antidiuretic hormone

    3.3 Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone axis

    3.4 Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

    4. Physiology of acid–base balance

    4.1 Metabolic acidosis

    4.2 Respiratory acidosis

    4.3 Metabolic alkalosis

    4.4 Respiratory alkalosis

    4.5 Mixed acid–base imbalances

    4.6 Anion gap

    5. Assessment of imbalances

    5.1 Dehydration (water depletion)

    5.2 Overhydration (water excess)

    5.3 Sodium

    5.4 Potassium

    5.5 Chloride

    6. Clinical features of fluid and electrolyte balance

    6.1 History

    6.2 Clinical signs

    7. Clinical and pathological indicators of fluid and electrolyte imbalance

    7.1 Total plasma protein and packed cell volume

    7.2 Hyponatremia

    7.3 Hypernatremia

    7.4 Serum potassium

    7.5 Serum chloride

    7.6 Osmolality

    8. Purpose of fluid therapy

    9. Type of fluids

    10. Routes of administration

    11. Monitoring fluid therapy

    12. Contraindications for fluid therapy

    13. Discontinuation of fluid therapy

    14. Conclusion
    References


    6. Collection, preservation processing, and dispatch of samples for disease diagnosis in dogs and cats
    P. Gumasta, R.C. Ghosh, P.M. Sonkusale, and P. Kumar


    1. Introduction

    2. Collection and preservation of specimen for histopathology examination

    3. Collection and preservation of specimen for bacteriological examination

    4. Collection and preservation of specimen for virological examination

    5. Collection and preservation of specimen for toxicological examination

    6. Collection procedure of different biological material/specimen

    7. Processing and dispatch of material

    8. Essential pathological tests for diagnosis of disease in dogs and cats

    8.1 Hematology

    8.2 Postmortem examination

    8.3 Serology

    8.4 Molecular diagnosis

    8.5 PCR

    8.6 Reverse transcriptase RT-PCR

    8.7 Real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR, or qPCR)

    8.8 Cytopathology

    8.9 Histopathology


    7. Necropsy procedure and basic laboratory methods in dogs and cats
    Sanjiv Kumar


    1. Necropsy procedure

    1.1 Postmortem procedure

    2. Basic laboratory diagnostic procedures

    2.1 Blood examination

    2.2 Differential leucocyte count (DLC)

    2.3 Interpretation of DLC

    3. Urine analysis

    3.1 Collection of urine

    3.2 Physical examination of urine

    3.3 Chemical examination of urine

    3.4 Microscopic examination of urine

    3.5 Cultural examination of urine

    4. Diagnostic cytology

    4.1 Collection of specimens

    4.2 Fixation of the specimen

    4.3 Papanicolaou staining

    4.4 Interventional cytopathology

    5. Diagnostic histopathology

    5.1 Cryo-sectioning/frozen sectioning

    5.2 Paraffin embedding technique

    5.3 Hematoxylin and eosin staining

    6. Parasitological examination

    6.1 Examination of mites

    6.2 Examination of specimens

    6.3 Examination of fecal sample

    7. Clinical biochemistry

    7.1 Hyperbilirubinemia

    8. Bacteriological examination

    8.1 Isolation of pure culture by streak plate method

    8.2 Gram staining of bacteria

    8.3 Antibiotic sensitivity test by disc method

    9. Fungal examination

    9.1 Sample collection

    9.2 Lactophenol cotton blue staining of fungi in wet mounts

    Section B
    Clinical diseases of dogs and cats


    8. Behavioral disorders of dogs and cats
    Abrar Ul Haq


    1. Introduction

    2. Noise-related anxiety

    3. Aggression

    4. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

    5. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

    6. Separation anxiety disorder (SAD)

    7. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

    8. Behavior problems and pain

    9. Issues with vomeronasal organ and behavior

    10. Heart diseases and behavioral issues

    11. Some adverse outcomes of drugs prescribed for behavioral disorders
    References


    9. Respiratory diseases of dogs and cats
    Abhishek Pathak, Varun Asediya, Pranav Anjaria, and Satya Pal Singh


    1. Introduction 115

    2. Anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system in dogs and cats

    2.1 The structure and function of the upper respiratory tract (nasal passages, sinuses, pharynx)

    2.2 The structure and function of the lower respiratory tract (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli)

    2.3 The role of the respiratory system in gas exchange and regulation of blood pH

    3. Pathogenic agents that cause respiratory diseases in dogs and cats

    3.1 Overview of common pathogens causing respiratory diseases

    3.2 Modes of transmission for respiratory pathogens

    4. Host defense mechanisms in respiratory diseases in dogs and cats

    4.1 Mucociliary clearance

    4.2 Immune response

    4.3 Inflammatory response

    4.4 Antimicrobial peptides

    5. Common respiratory diseases in dogs

    5.1 Canine infectious respiratory disease complex

    5.2 Canine influenza

    5.3 Canine distemper

    5.4 Canine parainfluenza virus

    6. Common respiratory diseases in cats

    6.1 Feline upper respiratory infection

    6.2 Feline asthma

    6.3 Feline calicivirus

    6.4 Feline herpesvirus-1

    7. Recent advancement in the respiratory disease diagnosis

    7.1 Immunological and pathological aspects

    7.2 Biological and chemical analysis

    7.3 Genetic and cellular aspects

    7.4 Physiological aspects

    7.5 Clinical aspects

    7.6 Environmental and behavioral aspects

    7.7 One health aspects

    7.8 Economic and societal aspects

    8. Conclusion and future directions
    References


    10. Urinary system diseases of dogs and cats
    Ramesh Putchakayala and Haritha G S


    1. Introduction

    2. Urinary tract infections in dogs and cats

    2.1 Bacterial urinary tract infection

    2.2 Fungal urinary tract infection

    2.3 Viral urinary tract infection

    3. Clinical signs

    4. Diagnosis

    5. Treatment

    6. Urolithiasis

    6.1 Clinical signs and diagnosis

    6.2 Treatment and management of uroliths

    7. Urinary tract tumors

    8. Chronic kidney disease

    8.1 Clinical signs

    8.2 Diagnosis

    8.3 Management of CKD

    8.4 Prognosis of CKD

    9. Acute kidney injury
    References


    11. Diseases of the reproductive system of male dogs and cats
    Ashok Kumar Chaudhary, Govind Narayan Purohit, Sunita Choudhary, and Hemlata


    1. Diseases of testes and epididymis

    1.1 Cryptorchidism

    1.2 Orchitis/epididymitis

    1.3 Brucellosis

    1.4 Testicular neoplasm

    1.5 Testicular torsion/spermatic cord torsion

    2. Diseases of the prostate

    2.1 Benign prostatic hypertrophy/hyperplasia

    2.2 Prostatitis

    2.3 Prostatic cysts

    2.4 Prostatic neoplasia

    3. Diseases of penis and prepuce

    3.1 Balanoposthitis

    3.2 Phimosis and paraphimosis

    3.3 Priapism

    3.4 Penile neoplasia
    References


    12. Autoimmune diseases of dogs and cats
    Ahmed Abd El-Fattah Daha


    1. Induction of autoimmunity

    2. Normal immune responses

    2.1 Antigens hidden in cells or tissues (cryptic antigens)

    2.2 Antigens generated by molecular changes

    2.3 Receptor editing

    3. Abnormal immune responses

    3.1 Failure of regulatory control

    3.2 Infection-induced autoimmunity

    3.3 Microchimerism

    4. Predisposing factors

    4.1 Genetic predisposition

    4.2 Breed predispositions

    4.3 Intestinal microbiota

    5. Mechanisms of tissue damage in autoimmunity

    5.1 Type I hypersensitivity

    5.2 Type II hypersensitivity

    5.3 Type III hypersensitivity

    5.4 Type IV hypersensitivity

    6. Autoimmunity and autoimmune disease in dogs and cats

    6.1 Dog autoimmune disease

    6.2 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

    6.3 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

    6.4 Autoimmune skin disease

    6.5 Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA)

    6.6 Autoimmune thrombocytopenia (AITP)

    6.7 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)

    6.8 Addison’s disease

    6.9 Lymphocytic thyroiditis

    6.10 Myasthenia gravis

    6.11 Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome

    6.12 Polymyositis

    6.13 Autoimmune masticatory myopathy

    6.14 Cat autoimmune disease

    6.15 Granulomatous diseases of infectious etiology

    6.16 Gammopathies (dysproteinemias or paraproteinemias)

    6.17 Polyclonal gammopathy

    6.18 Monoclonal gammopathy

    6.19 Organ-specific autoimmune diseases

    7. Hormonal influence on autoimmunity

    8. Primary vs secondary autoimmune disease

    8.1 Drugs and vaccines as triggers for autoimmunity

    8.2 Environmental triggers of autoimmunity

    8.3 Infectious triggers of autoimmunity

    8.4 Inflammatory response might lead to damage

    9. Immunodiagnostic tests for autoimmunity

    10. Immunodiagnostic tests for autoimmunity

    10.1 Antinuclear antibody test
    References


    13. Diseases of cardiovascular system of dogs and cats
    S. Yogeshpriya


    1. Introduction

    2. Congenital heart diseases

    2.1 Subaortic stenosis

    2.2 Pulmonic stenosis (PS)

    2.3 Dysplasia of the atrioventricular valves (DAV)

    2.4 Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

    2.5 Ventricular septal defects (VSD)

    2.6 Tetralogy of fallot (TF)

    2.7 Eisenmerger’s syndrome (ES)

    2.8 Atrial septal defects (ASD)

    2.9 Atrioventricular canal defects (AVC)

    3. Acquired heart diseases

    3.1 Diagnosis

    3.2 Thoracic radiography

    3.3 Electrocardiography

    3.4 Cardiac catheterization

    3.5 Echocardiography

    3.6 Doppler echocardiography (DE)

    3.7 Cardiac biomarker

    3.8 Treatment

    3.9 Common drugs used
    References


    14. Diseases of reproductive system of female dogs and cats
    Ashok Kumar Chaudhary, Govind Narayan Purohit, Amit Kumar, and Sandeep Dholpuria


    1. Diseases of ovary

    1.1 Ovarian cyst

    1.2 Ovarian remnant syndrome

    1.3 Ovarian neoplasia

    2. Diseases of uterus

    2.1 Cystic endometrial hyperplasia pyometra complex

    2.2 Metritis

    2.3 Subinvolution of placental sites

    2.4 Uterine neoplasia

    3. Diseases of vagina

    3.1 Vaginal fold prolapse

    3.2 Vaginal neoplasia

    4. Other diseases

    4.1 Canine pseudopregnancy
    References


    15. Diseases of endocrine system in dogs and cats
    Ambica Gadige, Aruna Maramulla, Mohanambal Kaliyan, Anil Kumar Banothu, and Satish Kumar Karlapudi


    1. Introduction

    2. Hypothyroidism

    2.1 Anatomy and pathophysiology

    2.2 Clinical signs

    2.3 Diagnosis

    2.4 Treatment

    3. Hyperthyroidism

    3.1 Clinical signs

    3.2 Diagnosis

    3.3 Treatment

    4. Diabetes mellitus

    4.1 Factors and pathophysiology

    4.2 Clinical signs

    4.3 Diagnosis

    4.4 Treatment

    5. Hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) (or) Cushing’s syndrome

    5.1 Factors and pathophysiology

    5.2 Clinical signs

    5.3 Diagnosis

    5.4 Treatment

    6. Hypoadrenocorticism (or) Addison’s disease

    6.1 Clinical signs

    6.2 Therapy

    7. Primary hypoparathyroidism

    8. Primary hyperparathyroidism

    9. Secondary hyperparathyroidism

    10. Hyperaldosteronism in cats

    11. Sex-hormone dermatoses

    12. Hyperestrogenism

    13. Hyperandrogenism

    14. Immune-mediated endocrine deficiency syndromes
    References


    16. Diseases of the nervous system of dogs and cats
    G.K. Chetan Kumar, A. Ashwini, C Sunita, and R.S. Sagar


    1. Introduction

    2. Cells of the nervous system

    2.1 Neurons

    2.2 Neuroglial cells or supporting cells

    3. Cranial nerves

    4. Diagnosis of neurological problems in dogs and cats

    4.1 History and signalment

    4.2 Physical examination

    4.3 Neurological examination

    4.4 Test on blood and serum

    4.5 Cerebrospinal fluid analysis

    4.6 Electroencephalography (EEG)

    4.7 Electromyography (EMG)

    4.8 Brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER)

    4.9 Spinal cord evoked response

    4.10 Routine radiography

    4.11 Myelography

    4.12 Computed tomography (CT)

    4.13 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

    4.14 Surgical biopsy

    5. Common affections of the nervous system in small animals

    5.1 Epilepsy

    5.2 Paralysis

    5.3 Meningitis/encephalitis/meningoencephalitis

    5.4 Encephalomalacia
    References


    17. Diseases of integument system of dogs and cats
    Mahmuda Malik, Chandra Prakash Dixit, Jove Jacob, and Sushanta Goswami


    18. Gastrointestinal disorders of dogs and cats
    Justin Davis Kollannur, A. Javed Jameel, and Sunitha Choudhary


    1. Esophageal disorders

    1.1 Megaesophagus

    1.2 Esophagitis

    1.3 Esophageal strictures

    1.4 Esophageal foreign bodies

    1.5 Esophageal tumors

    1.6 Gastroesophageal intussusception

    1.7 Vascular ring anomalies

    1.8 Dysautonomia

    2. Gastric disorders

    2.1 Gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV)

    2.2 Gastritis

    2.3 Gastric/peptic ulceration

    3. Diseases of small intestine

    3.1 Protein-losing enteropathy

    3.2 Intestinal obstruction

    3.3 Intussusception

    3.4 Dysmotility

    4. Disorders of large intestine

    4.1 Colitis

    4.2 Acute colitis

    4.3 Chronic enteropathy

    4.4 Constipation, obstipation, and megacolon
    References


    19. Occular manifestation of infectious and noninfestious disease of dogs and cats
    Burhan Nabi, Jehanzeb Yousuf, S.R. Upadhyay, and Rajiv Singh


    1. Introduction

    2. Systemic diseases with ocular manifestation

    2.1 Canine distemper

    2.2 Infectious canine hepatitis

    3. Feline herpesvirus

    4. Ocular problems in canines and felines due to endocrine disease

    4.1 Diabetes mellitus

    4.2 Hyperadenocorticism (Cushing’s disease)

    4.3 Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease)

    4.4 Growth hormone disorders

    4.5 Hypothyroidism

    4.6 Hyperthyroidism

    4.7 Calcium disorders
    References


    20. Diseases of ear in dogs and cats
    Ambica Gadige, Srujan Racharla, Lokesh Lella, and Anil Kumar Banothu


    1. Introduction

    2. Anatomy of ear of dogs and cats

    2.1 Anatomy of external ear

    2.2 Anatomy of middle ear

    2.3 Anatomy of internal ear

    3. Diseases of external ear

    3.1 Diseases of external ear

    3.2 Aural hematoma

    4. Disease of middle ear (or) otitis media

    4.1 Risk factors

    4.2 Clinical signs

    4.3 Diagnosis

    4.4 Treatment

    5. Disease of inner ear (or) otitis interna

    6. Deafness

    6.1 Causes of deafness

    6.2 Diagnosis

    6.3 Therapy

    7 Aural neoplasia
    References


    21. Overview on diseases of blood and hematopoietic system in dogs and cats
    K. Karthika and S. Poobitha


    1. Hematopoietic system in animals

    2. Red blood cells in animals

    2.1 Absolute erythrocytosis

    2.2 Anemia in dogs and cats

    3. White blood cells in animals

    3.1 Decreased hematopoietic marrow cell production

    3.2 Five distinct stages in the process of phagocytosis have been identified

    4. Lymphocytes in animals

    5. Platelets in animals

    5.1 Thrombocytopathies

    5.2 Bleeding disorders in dogs and cats

    5.3 Primary hemostasis

    5.4 Secondary hemostasis

    5.5 Diseases of primary hemostasis

    5.6 Disorders of coagulation

    6. Neoplasia of the myeloid system

    6.1 Lymphoid system neoplasia

    6.2 Anatomic pattern

    6.3 Leukemic form (lymphocytic leukemia)

    6.4 Other miscellaneous forms of malignant lymphoma

    6.5 Histologic classification
    References 319


    22. Diseases and disorders of the musculoskeletal system in dogs and cats
    K. Karthika and P.K. Ramkumar


    1. Myopathies

    2. Myositis

    2.2 Causes

    2.3 Tendinitis

    3. Prevention of musculoskeletal disorders

    4. Bone disorders in dogs

    4.1 Hypertrophic osteodystrophy

    4.2 Pediatric bone diseases (panosteitis)

    4.3 Avascular necrosis of the femoral head

    4.4 Multiple cartilaginous exostosis

    4.5 Slipped capital femoral epiphysis

    5. Joint disorders in dogs

    5.1 Clinical signs of musculoskeletal disorders

    5.2 Lameness examination

    6. Congenital musculoskeletal disorder

    7. Immune-mediated arthritis

    7.1 Myopathies

    8. Canine diskospondylitis

    9. Therapy for musculoskeletal system disorder

    9.1 Applications in the musculoskeletal system

    10. Musculoskeletal disorders of cats

    10.1 Inherited and developmental disorders

    10.2 Bone disorders in cats

    10.3 Joint disorders in cats

    10.4 Muscle disorders in cat

    11. Diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders in dogs and cats

    11.1 Diagnostic approach

    11.2 Therapeutic management

    11.3 Ultrasonic beam therapy
    References


    23. Geriatric diseases of dogs and cats
    Abhishek Pathak, Varun Asediya, Pranav Anjaria, and Satya Pal Singh


    1. Introduction

    2. Neural basis of cognitive decline in domestic dogs and cats during aging

    2.1 Brain structure and function in aging

    3. Neural mechanisms underlying cognitive decline in aging

    3.1 Inflammatory pathways: Linking chronic inflammation to age-related diseases

    3.2 Oxidative stress

    4. Skin and coat changes

    4.1 Understanding and managing skin problems in geriatric dogs and cats

    5. Changes in body weight and condition

    6. Musculoskeletal changes

    6.1 Sarcopenia

    6.2 Osteoarthritis

    6.3 Osteophytosis

    7. Metabolic dysregulations: The interplay of aging and chronic diseases

    7.1 Diabetes mellitus

    7.2 Obesity

    7.3 Fatty liver disease

    8. Oral and gingival diseases

    9. The role of the gut microbiome

    10. Respiratory tract changes

    11. Understanding the pathobiology of cardiac senescence: Heart diseases

    11.1 Dilated cardiomyopathy

    11.2 Valvular heart disease (VHD)

    11.3 Atrial fibrillation

    11.4 Arrhythmias

    11.5 Treatments for geriatric cardiovascular health

    12. Aging-associated nephropathy: Exploring renal function dynamics and pathophysiology

    12.1 Renal structure and function

    12.2 Hormonal changes

    12.3 Toxin and oxidative stress

    12.4 Urologic changes

    13. Changes to the endocrine system

    14. Age-related hearing and vision loss

    14.1 Pathophysiology of geriatric audiovisual impairment

    14.2 Diagnostic approaches for geriatric audio-visual impairment

    14.3 Treatment and management of geriatric audio-visual impairment

    14.4 Prevention of geriatric audio-visual impairment

    15. Fueling the aging process: The latest research on nutrition and geriatric disease prevention

    15.1 Innovative orthopedic therapeutic approaches for geriatric arthritis management

    15.2 Advances in geriatric nutritional therapies: Integrating genomics and emerging interventions

    15.3 Early detection and multimodal oncologic treatment

    15.4 Pathophysiology and evidence-based treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders

    15.5 Mitigating age-associated cognitive decline: Neuroprotective interventions

    15.6 Benefits of therapeutic massage and acupuncture

    15.7 The role of mental stimulation and exercise for geriatric pets

    16. Conclusions
    References


    24. Neoplasms in dog and cat
    Devendra Kumar Gupta, Randhir Singh, Nidhi Gupta, and Kshemankar Shrman


    1. Benign neoplasms

    2. Malignant neoplasms

    3. Hemopoietic system neoplasm

    4. Etiology

    5. Signs and symptoms of neoplasm

    6. Diagnosis

    7. Clinical staging

    7.1 TNM system

    7.2 Overall staging

    8. Therapeutic approaches

    9. Management of toxicities

    10. Common neoplasms in dogs and cats

    10.1 Lymphoma

    11. Anatomical classification

    11.1 Multicentric lymphoma

    11.2 Mediastinal lymphoma

    11.3 Gastrointestinal lymphoma

    11.4 Hepatic lymphoma

    11.5 Cutaneous lymphoma

    11.6 Ocular lymphoma

    11.7 Nervous system lymphoma

    11.8 Pulmonary lymphoma

    11.9 Atypical forms of canine lymphoma

    11.10 Evaluating dogs with lymphoma: Staging

    11.11 Therapy

    11.12 Chemotherapy

    11.13 Glucocorticoid

    11.14 Single-agent therapy

    11.15 Multiagent therapy

    11.16 Rescue protocols

    11.17 Lymphoma in cats

    12. Mammary tumor

    13. Hemangiosarcoma

    14. Mast cell tumors

    15. Sarcoma

    16. Squamous cell carcinomas

    17. Mouth and nose cancer

    18. Papilloma

    19. Canine transmissible venereal tumors
    References


    25. Diseases of hepatobiliary system of dogs and cats
    M. Saravanan and P.K. Ramkumar


    1. Introduction

    2. Clinical anatomy and physiology of hepatobiliary system

    3. Pathophysiology hepatobiliary disorders

    3.1 Portal hypertension

    3.2 Refractory ascites

    3.3 Stages of liver diseases

    4. Diagnosis of hepatobiliary disorders

    4.1 Signalment

    4.2 Food

    4.3 Drugs/medication

    4.4 Previous diseases illness

    4.5 Clinical signs

    4.6 Laboratory examination

    5. Treatment and management

    5.1 Treatment for ascites

    5.2 Management of hepatic encephalopathy

    5.3 Drug induced toxicity

    5.4 Other medications

    5.5 Nutritional management

    6. Conclusion
    Acknowledgment
    References


    26. Common toxicological phenomenon in dogs and cats
    Rashmi Rajashekaraiah and U. Sunilchandra


    1. Acetaminophen

    2. Acetone

    3. Amitraz

    4. Anticoagulant rodenticide

    5. Arsenic

    6. Bleaching powder

    7. Detergents, soaps, and shampoos

    8. Ethanol

    9. Grapes and Raisins

    10. Homemade and commercial play dough

    11. Honey bees, wasps, and hornets

    12. Iron

    13. Lead

    14. Metaldehyde

    15. Methylxanthines: Caffeine, theobromine, theophylline

    16. Mothballs

    17. Mushroom poisoning

    18. Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides

    19. Paintballs

    20. Plant poisoning

    21. Pyrethrins and pyrethroids

    22. Silica gel containing desiccant packs

    23. Snake poisoning

    24. Toad poisoning

    25. Xylitol

    26. Zinc phosphide

    27. Prevention
    References


    27. Anesthesia and pain management in dogs and cats
    Falguni Mridha


    1. Preanesthetic preparation

    1.1 Preparation of the animals on the day before experiment

    1.2 Preparation of the animals prior to experiment

    2. Vein cannulation

    2.1 Endotracheal intubation during anesthesia

    2.2 Monitoring

    3. Postanesthetic care

    4. General anesthesia

    4.1 Preanesthetic agents

    5. Parenteral anesthetic agents

    5.1 Barbiturates

    5.2 Nonbarbiturate agents

    5.3 Inhalational anesthesia

    5.4 Local and regional anesthesia

    6. Pain management in dogs and cats

    7. Management of pain

    7.1 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

    7.2 Others

    8. Pain management by some alternative solutions

    8.1 Physical rehabilitation

    8.2 Thermal therapy

    8.3 Laser therapy

    8.4 Extracorporeal shockwave therapy

    8.5 Therapeutic ultrasound

    8.6 Electrotherapy

    8.7 Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy

    8.8 Acupuncture

    8.9 Therapeutic exercise

    8.10 Hydrotherapy

    8.11 Massage
    References


    28. Drugs in therapeutic application of dogs and cats
    Muhammad Tahir Aleem, Furqan Munir, and Amna Shakoor


    1. Introduction

    2. Therapeutic applications of drugs

    2.1 Challenges and benefits of different routes of drug administration

    3. Drugs used for the treatment of diseases in dogs and cats

    3.1 Use of antibiotics

    3.2 Antiviral treatment

    3.3 Antiparasitic drugs

    3.4 Antifungal drugs

    3.5 Immunosuppressive drug therapies for dogs and cats

    3.6 Supportive drugs used in dogs and cats

    4. Conclusion
    Acknowledgments
    References


    29. Nutritional and metabolic diseases of dogs and cats
    Abhishek Pathak, Varun Asediya, Pranav Anjaria, and Satya Pal Singh


    1. Overview of nutritional and metabolic diseases in dogs and cats

    1.1 Epidemiology and prevalence

    1.2 Common nutritional and metabolic diseases in dogs and cats

    1.3 Diabetes mellitus

    1.4 Kidney disease

    1.5 Inflammatory bowel disease

    1.6 Pancreatitis

    1.7 Liver disease

    1.8 Hyperthyroidism

    1.9 Hypothyroidism

    1.10 Dental disease

    2. Factors influencing nutritional and metabolic diseases in dogs and cats

    2.1 The impact of breed-specific characteristics on the risk and severity of nutritional and metabolic diseases

    2.2 The effects of aging on the development and progression of nutritional and metabolic diseases

    2.3 The influence of gender and sex hormones on nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    2.4 The impact of social and environmental factors on the risk and severity of nutritional and metabolic diseases

    2.5 The impact of climate change on the prevalence and distribution of nutritional and metabolic diseases

    3. Mechanisms of nutritional and metabolic diseases in dogs and cats

    3.1 The impact of gut microbiota on the development of metabolic diseases

    3.2 The role of gut hormones on the regulation of nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.3 The influence of bile acid metabolism and the farnesoid X receptor on nutrient absorption and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.4 The role of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy in the development and progression of metabolic diseases

    3.5 The effects of oxidative stress and antioxidants on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.6 The impact of endogenous and exogenous stressors on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.7 The role of glucocorticoid signaling and stress response pathways in the development of metabolic diseases

    3.8 The impact of the kynurenine pathway and tryptophan metabolism on nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.9 The role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the regulation of immune function and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.10 The influence of histone modifications and DNA methylation on gene expression and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.11 The effects of nutrient-sensing pathways and transcriptional regulators on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.12 The influence of transcriptional coregulators and chromatin remodeling complexes on gene expression and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.13 The impact of lipoprotein metabolism and apolipoprotein expression on nutrient absorption and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.14 The effects of alternative splicing and mRNA stability on gene expression and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.15 The impact of mitochondrial DNA damage and mutation on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.16 The influence of the unfolded protein response and ER-associated degradation on protein quality control and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.17 The impact of mitochondrial oxidative stress and the electron transport chain on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.18 The role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and xenobiotic metabolism in the regulation of nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.19 The role of noncoding RNAs in the regulation of gene expression and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.20 The influence of circadian rhythms on nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.21 The role of autophagy in the regulation of cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.22 The impact of the gut-brain axis on the regulation of nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.23 The impact of gut dysbiosis on nutrient metabolism

    3.24 The effects of exercise and physical activity on nutrient metabolism and the prevention of metabolic diseases in dogs and cats

    4. Conclusion and future directions
    References

    Section C
    Infectious diseases of dogs and cats


    30. General introduction of infectious diseases in dogs and cats
    Abhishek Kalundia


    1. Introduction

    2. Modes of transmission of infectious diseases

    3. Factors affecting the susceptibility and severity of an infectious disease

    4. Infectious agents in dogs and cats

    4.1 Bacteria

    4.2 Rickettsiae

    4.3 Mycoplasma

    4.4 Virus

    4.5 Fungi

    4.6 Parasites

    5. Clinical diagnosis of infectious diseases

    6. Treatment of infectious diseases

    7. Prevention and control
    Acknowledgments
    References


    31. Clinical signs and symptoms of infectious diseases in dogs and cats
    Abhishek Kalundia


    1. Introduction

    2. General clinical findings of infectious diseases in dogs and cats

    2.1 Acute collapse

    2.2 Abdominal enlargement

    2.3 Anorexia

    2.4 Behavioral changes

    2.5 Lethargy and weakness

    2.6 Hyperthermia and pyrexia

    2.7 Epistaxis, sneezing, and nasal discharge

    2.8 Oral and dental problems

    2.9 Ear problems

    2.10 Lumps and bumps

    2.11 Lesions of the paw

    2.12 Problems related to the anus, perineum, and tail

    3. System-wise clinical findings of infectious diseases in dogs and cats

    3.1 The cardiovascular system

    3.2 The gastrointestinal system

    3.3 The eye

    3.4 The hematopoietic and lymphoreticular system

    3.5 The integumentary system

    3.6 The hepatobiliary system pancreas and spleen

    3.7 The musculoskeletal system

    3.8 The nervous system

    3.9 The peritoneal cavity

    3.10 The reproductive system

    3.11 The respiratory system

    3.12 The urinary system
    Acknowledgments
    References


    32. Parasitic diseases of dogs and cats
    Muhammad Tahir Aleem, Furqan Munir, and Amna Shakoor


    1. Introduction

    2. Zoonotic and economic importance of parasitic diseases

    3. Role of ectoparasites in the transmission of infections

    4. Protozoal diseases of dogs and cats

    4.1 Toxoplasmosis

    4.2 Giardiasis

    4.3 Babesiosis

    4.4 Hepatozoonosis

    4.5 Neosporosis

    5. Internal parasitic diseases of dogs and cats

    5.1 Dirofilariasis (heartworm disease)

    5.2 Leishmaniasis

    5.3 Toxocariasis

    5.4 Ancylostomiasis

    6. Ectoparasites infesting dogs and cats

    6.1 Scabies

    7. Control of parasitic diseases in dogs and cats

    8. Conclusion
    Acknowledgments
    References


    33. Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, and Chlamydia diseases of dogs and cats
    Nourhan Eissa


    1. Introduction

    1.1 Mycoplasma infections in dogs and cats

    1.2 Rickettsial infections in dogs and cats

    1.3 Chlamydial infections in dogs and cats

    2. Conclusion
    References


    34. Bacterial diseases of dogs and cats
    Abbas Rabiu Ishaq


    1. Introduction

    2. Salmonellosis

    2.1 Cause

    2.2 Hosts

    2.3 Spread

    2.4 Clinical signs

    2.5 Pathology

    2.6 Diagnosis

    2.7 Treatment

    2.8 Prevention

    3. Colibacillosis

    3.1 Cause

    3.2 Hosts

    3.3 Spread

    3.4 Pathogenesis

    3.5 Clinical signs

    3.6 Pathology

    3.7 Diagnosis

    3.8 Differential diagnosis

    3.9 Treatment

    3.10 Prevention

    4. Klebsiellosis

    4.1 Cause

    4.2 Hosts

    4.3 Spread

    4.4 Clinical signs

    4.5 Pathology

    4.6 Diagnosis

    4.7 Treatment

    5. Yersiniosis

    5.1 Cause

    5.2 Hosts

    5.3 Spread

    5.4 Pathogenesis

    5.5 Clinical signs

    5.6 Pathological findings

    5.7 Diagnosis

    5.8 Treatment

    5.9 Differential diagnoses

    5.10 Prevention

    6. Bartonellosis

    6.1 Cause

    6.2 Hosts

    6.3 Spread

    6.4 Pathogenesis

    6.5 Clinical signs

    6.6 Pathology

    6.7 Diagnosis

    6.8 Treatment

    6.9 Prevention

    7. Tularaemia

    7.1 Cause

    7.2 Hosts

    7.3 Spread

    7.4 Pathogenesis

    7.5 Clinical signs

    7.6 Pathology

    7.7 Diagnosis

    7.8 Treatment

    7.9 Prevention

    8. Campylobacteriosis

    8.1 Cause

    8.2 Hosts

    8.3 Spread

    8.4 Pathogenesis

    8.5 Clinical signs

    8.6 Pathology

    8.7 Diagnosis

    8.8 Treatment

    9. Listeriosis

    9.1 Cause

    9.2 Hosts

    9.3 Spread

    9.4 Pathogenesis

    9.5 Clinical signs

    9.6 Pathology

    9.7 Diagnosis

    9.8 Treatment

    9.9 Prevention

    10. Nocardiosis

    10.1 Cause

    10.2 Hosts

    10.3 Spread

    10.4 Pathogenesis

    10.5 Clinical signs

    10.6 Pathology

    10.7 Differential diagnosis

    10.8 Diagnosis

    10.9 Treatment

    11. Staphylococcal infections

    11.1 Cause

    11.2 Hosts

    11.3 Spread

    11.4 Pathogenesis

    11.5 Clinical signs

    11.6 Pathology

    11.7 Diagnosis

    11.8 Treatment

    11.9 Prevention

    12. Streptococcal infections

    12.1 Cause

    12.2 Hosts

    12.3 Spread

    12.4 Pathogenesis

    12.5 Clinical signs

    12.6 Pathology

    12.7 Diagnosis

    12.8 Treatment

    12.9 Prevention

    13. Tetanus

    13.1 Cause

    13.2 Hosts

    13.3 Spread

    13.4 Pathogenesis

    13.5 Clinical signs

    13.6 Differentials

    13.7 Diagnosis

    13.8 Prevention

    13.9 Treatment

    14. Pasteurellosis

    14.1 Cause

    14.2 Hosts

    14.3 Spread

    14.4 Clinical signs

    14.5 Diagnosis

    14.6 Treatment

    14.7 Prevention

    15. Clostridium perfringens infection

    15.1 Cause

    15.2 Hosts

    15.3 Spread

    15.4 Clinical signs

    15.5 Diagnosis

    15.6 Treatment

    16. Clostridium difficile infection

    16.1 Cause

    16.2 Hosts

    16.3 Spread

    16.4 Pathogenesis

    16.5 Clinical signs

    16.6 Diagnosis

    16.7 Treatment

    17. Brucellosis

    17.1 Cause

    17.2 Spread

    17.3 Hosts

    17.4 Pathogenesis

    17.5 Pathology

    17.6 Clinical signs

    17.7 Diagnosis

    17.8 Treatment

    17.9 Prevention and control

    18. Helicobacter infections

    18.1 Cause

    18.2 Hosts

    18.3 Spread

    18.4 Pathogenesis

    18.5 Clinical signs

    18.6 Pathology

    18.7 Diagnosis

    18.8 Treatment

    19. Pseudomoniasis

    19.1 Cause

    19.2 Hosts

    19.3 Spread

    19.4 Pathogenesis

    19.5 Clinical signs

    19.6 Diagnosis

    19.7 Treatment
    Acknowledgments
    References


    35. Fungal diseases of dogs and cats
    Nourhan Eissa


    1. Introduction

    2. Mechanisms of immunosuppression in dogs and cats

    3. Opportunistic fungal infections

    3.1 Phaeohyphomycosis

    3.2 Hyalohyphomycosis

    3.3 Eumycotic mycetoma

    3.4 Microsporum canis

    3.5 Sporothrix brasiliensis

    3.6 Aspergillosis

    3.7 Mucormycosis

    3.8 Candidiasis

    3.9 Blastomycosis

    3.10 Histoplasmosis

    3.11 Coccidiomycosis

    3.12 Cryptococcosis

    3.13 Paracoccidioidomycosis

    4. Mycotoxins and mycotoxicoses

    5. Diagnosis and treatment of mycotic infections in dogs and cats

    6. Conclusion
    References


    36. Common viral diseases of dogs and cats
    Mohammad Bashir Aliyu


    1. Viral diseases of dogs

    1.1 Canine adenovirus

    1.2 Influenza virus—H3N8, H3N2

    1.3 Canine parainfluenza virus

    1.4 Canine reovirus

    1.5 Coronavirus

    1.6 Rotavirus infection

    1.7 Astrovirus infection

    1.8 Calicivirus infection

    1.9 Canine parvovirus infection

    1.10 Canine bocaparvovirus

    1.11 Louping illness

    1.12 Pseudorabies

    1.13 Rabies

    1.14 Canine distemper

    2. Viral diseases of cats

    2.1 Feline herpes virus

    2.2 Feline calicivirus

    2.3 Feline leukemia virus

    2.4 Feline distemper/feline panleukemia

    2.5 Feline coronavirus

    2.6 Feline immunodeficiency virus
    References


    37. Zoonotic diseases of dogs and cats
    Shivangi Udainiya, Amita Tiwari, Apoorva Mishra, and Amita Dubey


    1. Viral diseases

    1.1 Rabies

    1.2 Noroviruses

    2. Fungal diseases

    2.1 Dermatophytosis

    3. Parasitic diseases

    3.1 Toxoplasmosis

    3.2 Leishmaniosis

    3.3 Giardiasis

    3.4 Echinococcosis

    3.5 Sarcoptes scabiei

    3.6 Cheyletiella blakei

    3.7 Cutaneous larva migrans

    3.8 Visceral larva migrans

    3.9 Ocular larva migrans

    4. Bacterial diseases

    4.1 Brucellosis

    4.2 Leptospirosis

    4.3 Bordetella bronchiseptica

    4.4 Campylobacteriosis

    4.5 Capnocytophaga infection

    4.6 Coxiella burnetii infection

    4.7 Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus

    4.8 Salmonella

    4.9 Staphylococcus intermedius

    4.10 Yersinia enterocolitica

    4.11 Cat scratch disease (Bartonella henselae)

    4.12 Plague (Yersinia pestis)
    References


    38. Drug resistance of infectious diseases of dogs and cats
    Amna Shakoor, Furqan Munir, and Muhammad Tahir Aleem


    1. Introduction

    2. Emerging drug resistance leads to global threat and its economic importance

    3. Accelerating factors responsible for drug resistance of infectious diseases of companion animals

    3.1 Role of mutation

    3.2 Antigenic shift and antigenic drift

    3.3 Misuse of antimicrobial drugs

    3.4 Emergence of new pathogenic variants

    4. Antimicrobial drug resistance in dogs and cats

    4.1 Antibacterial drug resistance

    4.2 Antifungal drug resistance

    4.3 Vaccinal resistance

    5. Emergence and spread of resistance in the drugs used against parasitic infections of dogs and cats

    5.1 Antiprotozoal drug resistance

    5.2 Anthelminthic drug resistance

    6. Possible ways to conserve drug efficacy and prevent drug resistance

    7. Future perspective

    8. Conclusion
    Acknowledgments
    References


    39. Diagnostic techniques of infectious diseases of dogs and cats
    Amita Dubey, Maneesh Jatav, Amita Tiwari, and Yamini Verma


    1. Clinical pathological techniques

    2. Microbiological techniques

    3. Necropsy and histopathological technique

    4. Diagnostic interpretation of common diseases in dogs and cats

    4.1 Bacterial diseases

    4.2 Viral diseases

    4.3 Fungal diseases

    4.4 Other diseases

    4.5 Canine anaplasmosis infection

    4.6 Dogs

    4.7 Cats


    40. One Health approach of infectious diseases of dogs and cats
    Shivangi Udainiya, Amita Tiwari, Apoorva Mishra, and Amita Dubey


    1. Introduction

    2. Bordetella bronchiseptica

    3. Brucella

    4. Campylobacter

    5. Capnocytophaga

    6. Coxiella burnetii

    7. Rabies

    8. Noroviruses

    9. Leptospira

    10. Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus

    11. Pasteurella

    12. Salmonella

    13. Staphylococcus intermedius

    14. Yersinia enterocolitica

    15. Zoonotic diseases of cats

    16. Campylobacteriosis

    17. Cat scratch disease (Bartonella henselae)

    18. Cat tapeworm (Dipylidium caninum)

    19. Cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium spp.)

    20. Giardiasis (Giardia duodenalis)

    21. Hookworm (Ancylostoma tubaeforme, Ancylostoma braziliense, Uncinaria stenocephala)

    22. MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)

    23. Plague (Yersinia pestis)

    24. Rabies

    25. Ringworm

    26. Roundworms (Toxocara spp.)

    27. Salmonellosis (Salmonella spp.)

    28. Sporotrichosis (Sporothrix spp.)

    29. Tick-borne diseases

    30. Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)

    31. Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)

    32. Prevention

    33. Conclusion
    References


    41. Prevention and control of infectious diseases
    Ranjini Manuel


    1. Introduction

    2. Domesticated populations

    2.1 Canine population

    2.2 Feline population

    3. Factors influencing infectious diseases progression and its prevention

    3.1 Hosts

    3.2 Pathogen

    3.3 Transmission

    3.4 Methods of transmission

    3.5 Environment

    3.6 Maintenance of disease

    3.7 The classical triad: Agent-hostenvironment relationship

    3.8 Immunoprohylaxis

    4. Disease control and prevention strategies

    4.1 Doing nothing

    4.2 Quarantine

    4.3 Euthanasia

    4.4 Vaccination

    4.5 Therapeutic chemotherapy

    5. Conclusion
    References

    IndexContributors
    Preface
    Acknowledgments

    Section A
    Introduction of diseases


    1. General aspects of introduction to diseases, diagnosis, and management of dogs and cats
    Ranbir Singh Jatav, Aditya Pratap, Nitin Vaishnav, and Neha Sharma


    1. Introduction

    2. Diagnosis and management of various diseases of dog and cat

    2.1 General systemic condition

    2.2 Diseases of cardiovascular system

    2.3 Diseases of digestive system

    2.4 Diseases of respiratory system

    2.5 Diseases of urinary system

    2.6 Diseases of nervous system

    2.7 Deficiency diseases

    2.8 Dermatological disorder

    2.9 Endocrine disorder in dogs and cats

    2.10 Neonatal diseases

    2.11 Bacterial diseases

    2.12 Viral disease

    2.13 Fungal disease of dogs and cats

    2.14 Parasitic diseases of canine and feline

    2.15 Protozoal diseases of dogs and cats

    2.16 Hereditary diseases in dogs and cats


    2. Biological system of dogs and cats and its clinical management
    Avnish Kumar Gautam, Manoj Kumar Sinha, Sanjay Kumar Bharti, and Anil Kumar


    1. Introduction

    2. Musculoskeletal system of dog and cat

    2.1 Skull

    3. Digestive system

    3.1 Salivary glands

    3.2 Pharynx

    3.3 Esophagus

    3.4 Stomach

    3.5 Small intestine

    3.6 Large intestine

    3.7 Liver

    3.8 Pancreas

    4. Respiratory system

    5. Male reproductive organs of dog and cat

    6. Female reproductive organs of bitch and queen

    7. Mammary glands

    8. Urinary system

    9. Endocrine system

    10. Sense organ

    10.1 Ear

    10.2 Clinical importance of surface anatomy

    11. Common disorders of dog and its clinical management

    12. Common endoparasitic infestation in dogs and cats

    13. Common disorders of cat and its clinical management

    14. Vaccination schedule: Dogs and puppies

    15. Feline vaccination schedule
    References


    3. Nutritional strategies of dogs and cats
    Amitava Roy, Abhishek Pathak, Alok Mishra, and Tanmoy Rana


    1. What is nutritionally balanced dog food?

    1.1 Balanced dog food should meet your dog’s energy requirements

    2. Protein in dog food

    2.1 Sources of protein in dog food

    2.2 What does crude protein mean?

    2.3 How much protein does my dog need?

    2.4 Can dogs be allergic to certain proteins?

    2.5 Taurine in cats

    3. Fat in dog food

    3.1 Sources of fat in dog and cat food

    4. Carbohydrates in dog food

    4.1 Fiber from carbohydrates

    4.2 Sources of carbohydrates

    4.3 How much carbohydrates require for dog?

    5. Vitamins in dog food

    5.1 Which vitamins do dogs need?

    5.2 Do dogs need vitamin supplements?

    6. Minerals in dog food

    6.1 Which minerals do dogs need?

    7. Water requirements for dogs

    8. Homemade balanced dog food?

    8.1 The right puppy food?

    9. Classification of pet food based on the nutrient content

    9.1 Complete food

    9.2 Complementary food

    9.3 Mixer biscuit

    9.4 Snack/treat

    10. Dog food recommendations for overweight dogs

    11. Nutritional strategy to prevent disease in healthy dogs and cats

    11.1 Feeding the healthy dog and cat

    11.2 How much to feed?

    11.3 How to feed?

    11.4 What to feed?
    References


    4. Clinical examination and diagnostic perspectives in dogs and cats
    Manisha Mehra, Omprakash Singh, and Jaykumar Desai


    1. Introduction

    2. Noninvasive diagnostic tests

    3. Invasive pathology test

    3.1 Complete blood count (CBC)

    3.2 Blood biochemistry

    3.3 Blood parasites in dogs

    3.4 Urine analysis

    3.5 Dog and cat fecal exams
    References


    5. Maintenance of fluids, electrolytes, and acid–base therapy in dogs and cats
    Abhishek Pathak, Satya Pal Singh, Raktim Saikia, and Preeti Bisht


    1. Introduction

    2. Body Fluid compartments

    2.1 Total body water

    2.2 Extracellular fluid volume

    2.3 Intracellular fluid volume

    3. Regulation of electrolytes and body fluids

    3.1 Effective circulating volume or ECV

    3.2 Antidiuretic hormone

    3.3 Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone axis

    3.4 Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

    4. Physiology of acid–base balance

    4.1 Metabolic acidosis

    4.2 Respiratory acidosis

    4.3 Metabolic alkalosis

    4.4 Respiratory alkalosis

    4.5 Mixed acid–base imbalances

    4.6 Anion gap

    5. Assessment of imbalances

    5.1 Dehydration (water depletion)

    5.2 Overhydration (water excess)

    5.3 Sodium

    5.4 Potassium

    5.5 Chloride

    6. Clinical features of fluid and electrolyte balance

    6.1 History

    6.2 Clinical signs

    7. Clinical and pathological indicators of fluid and electrolyte imbalance

    7.1 Total plasma protein and packed cell volume

    7.2 Hyponatremia

    7.3 Hypernatremia

    7.4 Serum potassium

    7.5 Serum chloride

    7.6 Osmolality

    8. Purpose of fluid therapy

    9. Type of fluids

    10. Routes of administration

    11. Monitoring fluid therapy

    12. Contraindications for fluid therapy

    13. Discontinuation of fluid therapy

    14. Conclusion
    References


    6. Collection, preservation processing, and dispatch of samples for disease diagnosis in dogs and cats
    P. Gumasta, R.C. Ghosh, P.M. Sonkusale, and P. Kumar


    1. Introduction

    2. Collection and preservation of specimen for histopathology examination

    3. Collection and preservation of specimen for bacteriological examination

    4. Collection and preservation of specimen for virological examination

    5. Collection and preservation of specimen for toxicological examination

    6. Collection procedure of different biological material/specimen

    7. Processing and dispatch of material

    8. Essential pathological tests for diagnosis of disease in dogs and cats

    8.1 Hematology

    8.2 Postmortem examination

    8.3 Serology

    8.4 Molecular diagnosis

    8.5 PCR

    8.6 Reverse transcriptase RT-PCR

    8.7 Real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR, or qPCR)

    8.8 Cytopathology

    8.9 Histopathology


    7. Necropsy procedure and basic laboratory methods in dogs and cats
    Sanjiv Kumar


    1. Necropsy procedure

    1.1 Postmortem procedure

    2. Basic laboratory diagnostic procedures

    2.1 Blood examination

    2.2 Differential leucocyte count (DLC)

    2.3 Interpretation of DLC

    3. Urine analysis

    3.1 Collection of urine

    3.2 Physical examination of urine

    3.3 Chemical examination of urine

    3.4 Microscopic examination of urine

    3.5 Cultural examination of urine

    4. Diagnostic cytology

    4.1 Collection of specimens

    4.2 Fixation of the specimen

    4.3 Papanicolaou staining

    4.4 Interventional cytopathology

    5. Diagnostic histopathology

    5.1 Cryo-sectioning/frozen sectioning

    5.2 Paraffin embedding technique

    5.3 Hematoxylin and eosin staining

    6. Parasitological examination

    6.1 Examination of mites

    6.2 Examination of specimens

    6.3 Examination of fecal sample

    7. Clinical biochemistry

    7.1 Hyperbilirubinemia

    8. Bacteriological examination

    8.1 Isolation of pure culture by streak plate method

    8.2 Gram staining of bacteria

    8.3 Antibiotic sensitivity test by disc method

    9. Fungal examination

    9.1 Sample collection

    9.2 Lactophenol cotton blue staining of fungi in wet mounts

    Section B
    Clinical diseases of dogs and cats


    8. Behavioral disorders of dogs and cats
    Abrar Ul Haq


    1. Introduction

    2. Noise-related anxiety

    3. Aggression

    4. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

    5. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

    6. Separation anxiety disorder (SAD)

    7. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

    8. Behavior problems and pain

    9. Issues with vomeronasal organ and behavior

    10. Heart diseases and behavioral issues

    11. Some adverse outcomes of drugs prescribed for behavioral disorders
    References


    9. Respiratory diseases of dogs and cats
    Abhishek Pathak, Varun Asediya, Pranav Anjaria, and Satya Pal Singh


    1. Introduction 115

    2. Anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system in dogs and cats

    2.1 The structure and function of the upper respiratory tract (nasal passages, sinuses, pharynx)

    2.2 The structure and function of the lower respiratory tract (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli)

    2.3 The role of the respiratory system in gas exchange and regulation of blood pH

    3. Pathogenic agents that cause respiratory diseases in dogs and cats

    3.1 Overview of common pathogens causing respiratory diseases

    3.2 Modes of transmission for respiratory pathogens

    4. Host defense mechanisms in respiratory diseases in dogs and cats

    4.1 Mucociliary clearance

    4.2 Immune response

    4.3 Inflammatory response

    4.4 Antimicrobial peptides

    5. Common respiratory diseases in dogs

    5.1 Canine infectious respiratory disease complex

    5.2 Canine influenza

    5.3 Canine distemper

    5.4 Canine parainfluenza virus

    6. Common respiratory diseases in cats

    6.1 Feline upper respiratory infection

    6.2 Feline asthma

    6.3 Feline calicivirus

    6.4 Feline herpesvirus-1

    7. Recent advancement in the respiratory disease diagnosis

    7.1 Immunological and pathological aspects

    7.2 Biological and chemical analysis

    7.3 Genetic and cellular aspects

    7.4 Physiological aspects

    7.5 Clinical aspects

    7.6 Environmental and behavioral aspects

    7.7 One health aspects

    7.8 Economic and societal aspects

    8. Conclusion and future directions
    References


    10. Urinary system diseases of dogs and cats
    Ramesh Putchakayala and Haritha G S


    1. Introduction

    2. Urinary tract infections in dogs and cats

    2.1 Bacterial urinary tract infection

    2.2 Fungal urinary tract infection

    2.3 Viral urinary tract infection

    3. Clinical signs

    4. Diagnosis

    5. Treatment

    6. Urolithiasis

    6.1 Clinical signs and diagnosis

    6.2 Treatment and management of uroliths

    7. Urinary tract tumors

    8. Chronic kidney disease

    8.1 Clinical signs

    8.2 Diagnosis

    8.3 Management of CKD

    8.4 Prognosis of CKD

    9. Acute kidney injury
    References


    11. Diseases of the reproductive system of male dogs and cats
    Ashok Kumar Chaudhary, Govind Narayan Purohit, Sunita Choudhary, and Hemlata


    1. Diseases of testes and epididymis

    1.1 Cryptorchidism

    1.2 Orchitis/epididymitis

    1.3 Brucellosis

    1.4 Testicular neoplasm

    1.5 Testicular torsion/spermatic cord torsion

    2. Diseases of the prostate

    2.1 Benign prostatic hypertrophy/hyperplasia

    2.2 Prostatitis

    2.3 Prostatic cysts

    2.4 Prostatic neoplasia

    3. Diseases of penis and prepuce

    3.1 Balanoposthitis

    3.2 Phimosis and paraphimosis

    3.3 Priapism

    3.4 Penile neoplasia
    References


    12. Autoimmune diseases of dogs and cats
    Ahmed Abd El-Fattah Daha


    1. Induction of autoimmunity

    2. Normal immune responses

    2.1 Antigens hidden in cells or tissues (cryptic antigens)

    2.2 Antigens generated by molecular changes

    2.3 Receptor editing

    3. Abnormal immune responses

    3.1 Failure of regulatory control

    3.2 Infection-induced autoimmunity

    3.3 Microchimerism

    4. Predisposing factors

    4.1 Genetic predisposition

    4.2 Breed predispositions

    4.3 Intestinal microbiota

    5. Mechanisms of tissue damage in autoimmunity

    5.1 Type I hypersensitivity

    5.2 Type II hypersensitivity

    5.3 Type III hypersensitivity

    5.4 Type IV hypersensitivity

    6. Autoimmunity and autoimmune disease in dogs and cats

    6.1 Dog autoimmune disease

    6.2 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

    6.3 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

    6.4 Autoimmune skin disease

    6.5 Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA)

    6.6 Autoimmune thrombocytopenia (AITP)

    6.7 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)

    6.8 Addison’s disease

    6.9 Lymphocytic thyroiditis

    6.10 Myasthenia gravis

    6.11 Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome

    6.12 Polymyositis

    6.13 Autoimmune masticatory myopathy

    6.14 Cat autoimmune disease

    6.15 Granulomatous diseases of infectious etiology

    6.16 Gammopathies (dysproteinemias or paraproteinemias)

    6.17 Polyclonal gammopathy

    6.18 Monoclonal gammopathy

    6.19 Organ-specific autoimmune diseases

    7. Hormonal influence on autoimmunity

    8. Primary vs secondary autoimmune disease

    8.1 Drugs and vaccines as triggers for autoimmunity

    8.2 Environmental triggers of autoimmunity

    8.3 Infectious triggers of autoimmunity

    8.4 Inflammatory response might lead to damage

    9. Immunodiagnostic tests for autoimmunity

    10. Immunodiagnostic tests for autoimmunity

    10.1 Antinuclear antibody test
    References


    13. Diseases of cardiovascular system of dogs and cats
    S. Yogeshpriya


    1. Introduction

    2. Congenital heart diseases

    2.1 Subaortic stenosis

    2.2 Pulmonic stenosis (PS)

    2.3 Dysplasia of the atrioventricular valves (DAV)

    2.4 Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

    2.5 Ventricular septal defects (VSD)

    2.6 Tetralogy of fallot (TF)

    2.7 Eisenmerger’s syndrome (ES)

    2.8 Atrial septal defects (ASD)

    2.9 Atrioventricular canal defects (AVC)

    3. Acquired heart diseases

    3.1 Diagnosis

    3.2 Thoracic radiography

    3.3 Electrocardiography

    3.4 Cardiac catheterization

    3.5 Echocardiography

    3.6 Doppler echocardiography (DE)

    3.7 Cardiac biomarker

    3.8 Treatment

    3.9 Common drugs used
    References


    14. Diseases of reproductive system of female dogs and cats
    Ashok Kumar Chaudhary, Govind Narayan Purohit, Amit Kumar, and Sandeep Dholpuria


    1. Diseases of ovary

    1.1 Ovarian cyst

    1.2 Ovarian remnant syndrome

    1.3 Ovarian neoplasia

    2. Diseases of uterus

    2.1 Cystic endometrial hyperplasia pyometra complex

    2.2 Metritis

    2.3 Subinvolution of placental sites

    2.4 Uterine neoplasia

    3. Diseases of vagina

    3.1 Vaginal fold prolapse

    3.2 Vaginal neoplasia

    4. Other diseases

    4.1 Canine pseudopregnancy
    References


    15. Diseases of endocrine system in dogs and cats
    Ambica Gadige, Aruna Maramulla, Mohanambal Kaliyan, Anil Kumar Banothu, and Satish Kumar Karlapudi


    1. Introduction

    2. Hypothyroidism

    2.1 Anatomy and pathophysiology

    2.2 Clinical signs

    2.3 Diagnosis

    2.4 Treatment

    3. Hyperthyroidism

    3.1 Clinical signs

    3.2 Diagnosis

    3.3 Treatment

    4. Diabetes mellitus

    4.1 Factors and pathophysiology

    4.2 Clinical signs

    4.3 Diagnosis

    4.4 Treatment

    5. Hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) (or) Cushing’s syndrome

    5.1 Factors and pathophysiology

    5.2 Clinical signs

    5.3 Diagnosis

    5.4 Treatment

    6. Hypoadrenocorticism (or) Addison’s disease

    6.1 Clinical signs

    6.2 Therapy

    7. Primary hypoparathyroidism

    8. Primary hyperparathyroidism

    9. Secondary hyperparathyroidism

    10. Hyperaldosteronism in cats

    11. Sex-hormone dermatoses

    12. Hyperestrogenism

    13. Hyperandrogenism

    14. Immune-mediated endocrine deficiency syndromes
    References


    16. Diseases of the nervous system of dogs and cats
    G.K. Chetan Kumar, A. Ashwini, C Sunita, and R.S. Sagar


    1. Introduction

    2. Cells of the nervous system

    2.1 Neurons

    2.2 Neuroglial cells or supporting cells

    3. Cranial nerves

    4. Diagnosis of neurological problems in dogs and cats

    4.1 History and signalment

    4.2 Physical examination

    4.3 Neurological examination

    4.4 Test on blood and serum

    4.5 Cerebrospinal fluid analysis

    4.6 Electroencephalography (EEG)

    4.7 Electromyography (EMG)

    4.8 Brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER)

    4.9 Spinal cord evoked response

    4.10 Routine radiography

    4.11 Myelography

    4.12 Computed tomography (CT)

    4.13 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

    4.14 Surgical biopsy

    5. Common affections of the nervous system in small animals

    5.1 Epilepsy

    5.2 Paralysis

    5.3 Meningitis/encephalitis/meningoencephalitis

    5.4 Encephalomalacia
    References


    17. Diseases of integument system of dogs and cats
    Mahmuda Malik, Chandra Prakash Dixit, Jove Jacob, and Sushanta Goswami


    18. Gastrointestinal disorders of dogs and cats
    Justin Davis Kollannur, A. Javed Jameel, and Sunitha Choudhary


    1. Esophageal disorders

    1.1 Megaesophagus

    1.2 Esophagitis

    1.3 Esophageal strictures

    1.4 Esophageal foreign bodies

    1.5 Esophageal tumors

    1.6 Gastroesophageal intussusception

    1.7 Vascular ring anomalies

    1.8 Dysautonomia

    2. Gastric disorders

    2.1 Gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV)

    2.2 Gastritis

    2.3 Gastric/peptic ulceration

    3. Diseases of small intestine

    3.1 Protein-losing enteropathy

    3.2 Intestinal obstruction

    3.3 Intussusception

    3.4 Dysmotility

    4. Disorders of large intestine

    4.1 Colitis

    4.2 Acute colitis

    4.3 Chronic enteropathy

    4.4 Constipation, obstipation, and megacolon
    References


    19. Occular manifestation of infectious and noninfestious disease of dogs and cats
    Burhan Nabi, Jehanzeb Yousuf, S.R. Upadhyay, and Rajiv Singh


    1. Introduction

    2. Systemic diseases with ocular manifestation

    2.1 Canine distemper

    2.2 Infectious canine hepatitis

    3. Feline herpesvirus

    4. Ocular problems in canines and felines due to endocrine disease

    4.1 Diabetes mellitus

    4.2 Hyperadenocorticism (Cushing’s disease)

    4.3 Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease)

    4.4 Growth hormone disorders

    4.5 Hypothyroidism

    4.6 Hyperthyroidism

    4.7 Calcium disorders
    References


    20. Diseases of ear in dogs and cats
    Ambica Gadige, Srujan Racharla, Lokesh Lella, and Anil Kumar Banothu


    1. Introduction

    2. Anatomy of ear of dogs and cats

    2.1 Anatomy of external ear

    2.2 Anatomy of middle ear

    2.3 Anatomy of internal ear

    3. Diseases of external ear

    3.1 Diseases of external ear

    3.2 Aural hematoma

    4. Disease of middle ear (or) otitis media

    4.1 Risk factors

    4.2 Clinical signs

    4.3 Diagnosis

    4.4 Treatment

    5. Disease of inner ear (or) otitis interna

    6. Deafness

    6.1 Causes of deafness

    6.2 Diagnosis

    6.3 Therapy

    7 Aural neoplasia
    References


    21. Overview on diseases of blood and hematopoietic system in dogs and cats
    K. Karthika and S. Poobitha


    1. Hematopoietic system in animals

    2. Red blood cells in animals

    2.1 Absolute erythrocytosis

    2.2 Anemia in dogs and cats

    3. White blood cells in animals

    3.1 Decreased hematopoietic marrow cell production

    3.2 Five distinct stages in the process of phagocytosis have been identified

    4. Lymphocytes in animals

    5. Platelets in animals

    5.1 Thrombocytopathies

    5.2 Bleeding disorders in dogs and cats

    5.3 Primary hemostasis

    5.4 Secondary hemostasis

    5.5 Diseases of primary hemostasis

    5.6 Disorders of coagulation

    6. Neoplasia of the myeloid system

    6.1 Lymphoid system neoplasia

    6.2 Anatomic pattern

    6.3 Leukemic form (lymphocytic leukemia)

    6.4 Other miscellaneous forms of malignant lymphoma

    6.5 Histologic classification
    References 319


    22. Diseases and disorders of the musculoskeletal system in dogs and cats
    K. Karthika and P.K. Ramkumar


    1. Myopathies

    2. Myositis

    2.2 Causes

    2.3 Tendinitis

    3. Prevention of musculoskeletal disorders

    4. Bone disorders in dogs

    4.1 Hypertrophic osteodystrophy

    4.2 Pediatric bone diseases (panosteitis)

    4.3 Avascular necrosis of the femoral head

    4.4 Multiple cartilaginous exostosis

    4.5 Slipped capital femoral epiphysis

    5. Joint disorders in dogs

    5.1 Clinical signs of musculoskeletal disorders

    5.2 Lameness examination

    6. Congenital musculoskeletal disorder

    7. Immune-mediated arthritis

    7.1 Myopathies

    8. Canine diskospondylitis

    9. Therapy for musculoskeletal system disorder

    9.1 Applications in the musculoskeletal system

    10. Musculoskeletal disorders of cats

    10.1 Inherited and developmental disorders

    10.2 Bone disorders in cats

    10.3 Joint disorders in cats

    10.4 Muscle disorders in cat

    11. Diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders in dogs and cats

    11.1 Diagnostic approach

    11.2 Therapeutic management

    11.3 Ultrasonic beam therapy
    References


    23. Geriatric diseases of dogs and cats
    Abhishek Pathak, Varun Asediya, Pranav Anjaria, and Satya Pal Singh


    1. Introduction

    2. Neural basis of cognitive decline in domestic dogs and cats during aging

    2.1 Brain structure and function in aging

    3. Neural mechanisms underlying cognitive decline in aging

    3.1 Inflammatory pathways: Linking chronic inflammation to age-related diseases

    3.2 Oxidative stress

    4. Skin and coat changes

    4.1 Understanding and managing skin problems in geriatric dogs and cats

    5. Changes in body weight and condition

    6. Musculoskeletal changes

    6.1 Sarcopenia

    6.2 Osteoarthritis

    6.3 Osteophytosis

    7. Metabolic dysregulations: The interplay of aging and chronic diseases

    7.1 Diabetes mellitus

    7.2 Obesity

    7.3 Fatty liver disease

    8. Oral and gingival diseases

    9. The role of the gut microbiome

    10. Respiratory tract changes

    11. Understanding the pathobiology of cardiac senescence: Heart diseases

    11.1 Dilated cardiomyopathy

    11.2 Valvular heart disease (VHD)

    11.3 Atrial fibrillation

    11.4 Arrhythmias

    11.5 Treatments for geriatric cardiovascular health

    12. Aging-associated nephropathy: Exploring renal function dynamics and pathophysiology

    12.1 Renal structure and function

    12.2 Hormonal changes

    12.3 Toxin and oxidative stress

    12.4 Urologic changes

    13. Changes to the endocrine system

    14. Age-related hearing and vision loss

    14.1 Pathophysiology of geriatric audiovisual impairment

    14.2 Diagnostic approaches for geriatric audio-visual impairment

    14.3 Treatment and management of geriatric audio-visual impairment

    14.4 Prevention of geriatric audio-visual impairment

    15. Fueling the aging process: The latest research on nutrition and geriatric disease prevention

    15.1 Innovative orthopedic therapeutic approaches for geriatric arthritis management

    15.2 Advances in geriatric nutritional therapies: Integrating genomics and emerging interventions

    15.3 Early detection and multimodal oncologic treatment

    15.4 Pathophysiology and evidence-based treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders

    15.5 Mitigating age-associated cognitive decline: Neuroprotective interventions

    15.6 Benefits of therapeutic massage and acupuncture

    15.7 The role of mental stimulation and exercise for geriatric pets

    16. Conclusions
    References


    24. Neoplasms in dog and cat
    Devendra Kumar Gupta, Randhir Singh, Nidhi Gupta, and Kshemankar Shrman


    1. Benign neoplasms

    2. Malignant neoplasms

    3. Hemopoietic system neoplasm

    4. Etiology

    5. Signs and symptoms of neoplasm

    6. Diagnosis

    7. Clinical staging

    7.1 TNM system

    7.2 Overall staging

    8. Therapeutic approaches

    9. Management of toxicities

    10. Common neoplasms in dogs and cats

    10.1 Lymphoma

    11. Anatomical classification

    11.1 Multicentric lymphoma

    11.2 Mediastinal lymphoma

    11.3 Gastrointestinal lymphoma

    11.4 Hepatic lymphoma

    11.5 Cutaneous lymphoma

    11.6 Ocular lymphoma

    11.7 Nervous system lymphoma

    11.8 Pulmonary lymphoma

    11.9 Atypical forms of canine lymphoma

    11.10 Evaluating dogs with lymphoma: Staging

    11.11 Therapy

    11.12 Chemotherapy

    11.13 Glucocorticoid

    11.14 Single-agent therapy

    11.15 Multiagent therapy

    11.16 Rescue protocols

    11.17 Lymphoma in cats

    12. Mammary tumor

    13. Hemangiosarcoma

    14. Mast cell tumors

    15. Sarcoma

    16. Squamous cell carcinomas

    17. Mouth and nose cancer

    18. Papilloma

    19. Canine transmissible venereal tumors
    References


    25. Diseases of hepatobiliary system of dogs and cats
    M. Saravanan and P.K. Ramkumar


    1. Introduction

    2. Clinical anatomy and physiology of hepatobiliary system

    3. Pathophysiology hepatobiliary disorders

    3.1 Portal hypertension

    3.2 Refractory ascites

    3.3 Stages of liver diseases

    4. Diagnosis of hepatobiliary disorders

    4.1 Signalment

    4.2 Food

    4.3 Drugs/medication

    4.4 Previous diseases illness

    4.5 Clinical signs

    4.6 Laboratory examination

    5. Treatment and management

    5.1 Treatment for ascites

    5.2 Management of hepatic encephalopathy

    5.3 Drug induced toxicity

    5.4 Other medications

    5.5 Nutritional management

    6. Conclusion
    Acknowledgment
    References


    26. Common toxicological phenomenon in dogs and cats
    Rashmi Rajashekaraiah and U. Sunilchandra


    1. Acetaminophen

    2. Acetone

    3. Amitraz

    4. Anticoagulant rodenticide

    5. Arsenic

    6. Bleaching powder

    7. Detergents, soaps, and shampoos

    8. Ethanol

    9. Grapes and Raisins

    10. Homemade and commercial play dough

    11. Honey bees, wasps, and hornets

    12. Iron

    13. Lead

    14. Metaldehyde

    15. Methylxanthines: Caffeine, theobromine, theophylline

    16. Mothballs

    17. Mushroom poisoning

    18. Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides

    19. Paintballs

    20. Plant poisoning

    21. Pyrethrins and pyrethroids

    22. Silica gel containing desiccant packs

    23. Snake poisoning

    24. Toad poisoning

    25. Xylitol

    26. Zinc phosphide

    27. Prevention
    References


    27. Anesthesia and pain management in dogs and cats
    Falguni Mridha


    1. Preanesthetic preparation

    1.1 Preparation of the animals on the day before experiment

    1.2 Preparation of the animals prior to experiment

    2. Vein cannulation

    2.1 Endotracheal intubation during anesthesia

    2.2 Monitoring

    3. Postanesthetic care

    4. General anesthesia

    4.1 Preanesthetic agents

    5. Parenteral anesthetic agents

    5.1 Barbiturates

    5.2 Nonbarbiturate agents

    5.3 Inhalational anesthesia

    5.4 Local and regional anesthesia

    6. Pain management in dogs and cats

    7. Management of pain

    7.1 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

    7.2 Others

    8. Pain management by some alternative solutions

    8.1 Physical rehabilitation

    8.2 Thermal therapy

    8.3 Laser therapy

    8.4 Extracorporeal shockwave therapy

    8.5 Therapeutic ultrasound

    8.6 Electrotherapy

    8.7 Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy

    8.8 Acupuncture

    8.9 Therapeutic exercise

    8.10 Hydrotherapy

    8.11 Massage
    References


    28. Drugs in therapeutic application of dogs and cats
    Muhammad Tahir Aleem, Furqan Munir, and Amna Shakoor


    1. Introduction

    2. Therapeutic applications of drugs

    2.1 Challenges and benefits of different routes of drug administration

    3. Drugs used for the treatment of diseases in dogs and cats

    3.1 Use of antibiotics

    3.2 Antiviral treatment

    3.3 Antiparasitic drugs

    3.4 Antifungal drugs

    3.5 Immunosuppressive drug therapies for dogs and cats

    3.6 Supportive drugs used in dogs and cats

    4. Conclusion
    Acknowledgments
    References


    29. Nutritional and metabolic diseases of dogs and cats
    Abhishek Pathak, Varun Asediya, Pranav Anjaria, and Satya Pal Singh


    1. Overview of nutritional and metabolic diseases in dogs and cats

    1.1 Epidemiology and prevalence

    1.2 Common nutritional and metabolic diseases in dogs and cats

    1.3 Diabetes mellitus

    1.4 Kidney disease

    1.5 Inflammatory bowel disease

    1.6 Pancreatitis

    1.7 Liver disease

    1.8 Hyperthyroidism

    1.9 Hypothyroidism

    1.10 Dental disease

    2. Factors influencing nutritional and metabolic diseases in dogs and cats

    2.1 The impact of breed-specific characteristics on the risk and severity of nutritional and metabolic diseases

    2.2 The effects of aging on the development and progression of nutritional and metabolic diseases

    2.3 The influence of gender and sex hormones on nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    2.4 The impact of social and environmental factors on the risk and severity of nutritional and metabolic diseases

    2.5 The impact of climate change on the prevalence and distribution of nutritional and metabolic diseases

    3. Mechanisms of nutritional and metabolic diseases in dogs and cats

    3.1 The impact of gut microbiota on the development of metabolic diseases

    3.2 The role of gut hormones on the regulation of nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.3 The influence of bile acid metabolism and the farnesoid X receptor on nutrient absorption and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.4 The role of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy in the development and progression of metabolic diseases

    3.5 The effects of oxidative stress and antioxidants on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.6 The impact of endogenous and exogenous stressors on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.7 The role of glucocorticoid signaling and stress response pathways in the development of metabolic diseases

    3.8 The impact of the kynurenine pathway and tryptophan metabolism on nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.9 The role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the regulation of immune function and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.10 The influence of histone modifications and DNA methylation on gene expression and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.11 The effects of nutrient-sensing pathways and transcriptional regulators on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.12 The influence of transcriptional coregulators and chromatin remodeling complexes on gene expression and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.13 The impact of lipoprotein metabolism and apolipoprotein expression on nutrient absorption and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.14 The effects of alternative splicing and mRNA stability on gene expression and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.15 The impact of mitochondrial DNA damage and mutation on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.16 The influence of the unfolded protein response and ER-associated degradation on protein quality control and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.17 The impact of mitochondrial oxidative stress and the electron transport chain on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.18 The role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and xenobiotic metabolism in the regulation of nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.19 The role of noncoding RNAs in the regulation of gene expression and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.20 The influence of circadian rhythms on nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.21 The role of autophagy in the regulation of cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.22 The impact of the gut-brain axis on the regulation of nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.23 The impact of gut dysbiosis on nutrient metabolism

    3.24 The effects of exercise and physical activity on nutrient metabolism and the prevention of metabolic diseases in dogs and cats

    4. Conclusion and future directions
    References

    Section C
    Infectious diseases of dogs and cats


    30. General introduction of infectious diseases in dogs and cats
    Abhishek Kalundia


    1. Introduction

    2. Modes of transmission of infectious diseases

    3. Factors affecting the susceptibility and severity of an infectious disease

    4. Infectious agents in dogs and cats

    4.1 Bacteria

    4.2 Rickettsiae

    4.3 Mycoplasma

    4.4 Virus

    4.5 Fungi

    4.6 Parasites

    5. Clinical diagnosis of infectious diseases

    6. Treatment of infectious diseases

    7. Prevention and control
    Acknowledgments
    References


    31. Clinical signs and symptoms of infectious diseases in dogs and cats
    Abhishek Kalundia


    1. Introduction

    2. General clinical findings of infectious diseases in dogs and cats

    2.1 Acute collapse

    2.2 Abdominal enlargement

    2.3 Anorexia

    2.4 Behavioral changes

    2.5 Lethargy and weakness

    2.6 Hyperthermia and pyrexia

    2.7 Epistaxis, sneezing, and nasal discharge

    2.8 Oral and dental problems

    2.9 Ear problems

    2.10 Lumps and bumps

    2.11 Lesions of the paw

    2.12 Problems related to the anus, perineum, and tail

    3. System-wise clinical findings of infectious diseases in dogs and cats

    3.1 The cardiovascular system

    3.2 The gastrointestinal system

    3.3 The eye

    3.4 The hematopoietic and lymphoreticular system

    3.5 The integumentary system

    3.6 The hepatobiliary system pancreas and spleen

    3.7 The musculoskeletal system

    3.8 The nervous system

    3.9 The peritoneal cavity

    3.10 The reproductive system

    3.11 The respiratory system

    3.12 The urinary system
    Acknowledgments
    References


    32. Parasitic diseases of dogs and cats
    Muhammad Tahir Aleem, Furqan Munir, and Amna Shakoor


    1. Introduction

    2. Zoonotic and economic importance of parasitic diseases

    3. Role of ectoparasites in the transmission of infections

    4. Protozoal diseases of dogs and cats

    4.1 Toxoplasmosis

    4.2 Giardiasis

    4.3 Babesiosis

    4.4 Hepatozoonosis

    4.5 Neosporosis

    5. Internal parasitic diseases of dogs and cats

    5.1 Dirofilariasis (heartworm disease)

    5.2 Leishmaniasis

    5.3 Toxocariasis

    5.4 Ancylostomiasis

    6. Ectoparasites infesting dogs and cats

    6.1 Scabies

    7. Control of parasitic diseases in dogs and cats

    8. Conclusion
    Acknowledgments
    References


    33. Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, and Chlamydia diseases of dogs and cats
    Nourhan Eissa


    1. Introduction

    1.1 Mycoplasma infections in dogs and cats

    1.2 Rickettsial infections in dogs and cats

    1.3 Chlamydial infections in dogs and cats

    2. Conclusion
    References


    34. Bacterial diseases of dogs and cats
    Abbas Rabiu Ishaq


    1. Introduction

    2. Salmonellosis

    2.1 Cause

    2.2 Hosts

    2.3 Spread

    2.4 Clinical signs

    2.5 Pathology

    2.6 Diagnosis

    2.7 Treatment

    2.8 Prevention

    3. Colibacillosis

    3.1 Cause

    3.2 Hosts

    3.3 Spread

    3.4 Pathogenesis

    3.5 Clinical signs

    3.6 Pathology

    3.7 Diagnosis

    3.8 Differential diagnosis

    3.9 Treatment

    3.10 Prevention

    4. Klebsiellosis

    4.1 Cause

    4.2 Hosts

    4.3 Spread

    4.4 Clinical signs

    4.5 Pathology

    4.6 Diagnosis

    4.7 Treatment

    5. Yersiniosis

    5.1 Cause

    5.2 Hosts

    5.3 Spread

    5.4 Pathogenesis

    5.5 Clinical signs

    5.6 Pathological findings

    5.7 Diagnosis

    5.8 Treatment

    5.9 Differential diagnoses

    5.10 Prevention

    6. Bartonellosis

    6.1 Cause

    6.2 Hosts

    6.3 Spread

    6.4 Pathogenesis

    6.5 Clinical signs

    6.6 Pathology

    6.7 Diagnosis

    6.8 Treatment

    6.9 Prevention

    7. Tularaemia

    7.1 Cause

    7.2 Hosts

    7.3 Spread

    7.4 Pathogenesis

    7.5 Clinical signs

    7.6 Pathology

    7.7 Diagnosis

    7.8 Treatment

    7.9 Prevention

    8. Campylobacteriosis

    8.1 Cause

    8.2 Hosts

    8.3 Spread

    8.4 Pathogenesis

    8.5 Clinical signs

    8.6 Pathology

    8.7 Diagnosis

    8.8 Treatment

    9. Listeriosis

    9.1 Cause

    9.2 Hosts

    9.3 Spread

    9.4 Pathogenesis

    9.5 Clinical signs

    9.6 Pathology

    9.7 Diagnosis

    9.8 Treatment

    9.9 Prevention

    10. Nocardiosis

    10.1 Cause

    10.2 Hosts

    10.3 Spread

    10.4 Pathogenesis

    10.5 Clinical signs

    10.6 Pathology

    10.7 Differential diagnosis

    10.8 Diagnosis

    10.9 Treatment

    11. Staphylococcal infections

    11.1 Cause

    11.2 Hosts

    11.3 Spread

    11.4 Pathogenesis

    11.5 Clinical signs

    11.6 Pathology

    11.7 Diagnosis

    11.8 Treatment

    11.9 Prevention

    12. Streptococcal infections

    12.1 Cause

    12.2 Hosts

    12.3 Spread

    12.4 Pathogenesis

    12.5 Clinical signs

    12.6 Pathology

    12.7 Diagnosis

    12.8 Treatment

    12.9 Prevention

    13. Tetanus

    13.1 Cause

    13.2 Hosts

    13.3 Spread

    13.4 Pathogenesis

    13.5 Clinical signs

    13.6 Differentials

    13.7 Diagnosis

    13.8 Prevention

    13.9 Treatment

    14. Pasteurellosis

    14.1 Cause

    14.2 Hosts

    14.3 Spread

    14.4 Clinical signs

    14.5 Diagnosis

    14.6 Treatment

    14.7 Prevention

    15. Clostridium perfringens infection

    15.1 Cause

    15.2 Hosts

    15.3 Spread

    15.4 Clinical signs

    15.5 Diagnosis

    15.6 Treatment

    16. Clostridium difficile infection

    16.1 Cause

    16.2 Hosts

    16.3 Spread

    16.4 Pathogenesis

    16.5 Clinical signs

    16.6 Diagnosis

    16.7 Treatment

    17. Brucellosis

    17.1 Cause

    17.2 Spread

    17.3 Hosts

    17.4 Pathogenesis

    17.5 Pathology

    17.6 Clinical signs

    17.7 Diagnosis

    17.8 Treatment

    17.9 Prevention and control

    18. Helicobacter infections

    18.1 Cause

    18.2 Hosts

    18.3 Spread

    18.4 Pathogenesis

    18.5 Clinical signs

    18.6 Pathology

    18.7 Diagnosis

    18.8 Treatment

    19. Pseudomoniasis

    19.1 Cause

    19.2 Hosts

    19.3 Spread

    19.4 Pathogenesis

    19.5 Clinical signs

    19.6 Diagnosis

    19.7 Treatment
    Acknowledgments
    References


    35. Fungal diseases of dogs and cats
    Nourhan Eissa


    1. Introduction

    2. Mechanisms of immunosuppression in dogs and cats

    3. Opportunistic fungal infections

    3.1 Phaeohyphomycosis

    3.2 Hyalohyphomycosis

    3.3 Eumycotic mycetoma

    3.4 Microsporum canis

    3.5 Sporothrix brasiliensis

    3.6 Aspergillosis

    3.7 Mucormycosis

    3.8 Candidiasis

    3.9 Blastomycosis

    3.10 Histoplasmosis

    3.11 Coccidiomycosis

    3.12 Cryptococcosis

    3.13 Paracoccidioidomycosis

    4. Mycotoxins and mycotoxicoses

    5. Diagnosis and treatment of mycotic infections in dogs and cats

    6. Conclusion
    References


    36. Common viral diseases of dogs and cats
    Mohammad Bashir Aliyu


    1. Viral diseases of dogs

    1.1 Canine adenovirus

    1.2 Influenza virus—H3N8, H3N2

    1.3 Canine parainfluenza virus

    1.4 Canine reovirus

    1.5 Coronavirus

    1.6 Rotavirus infection

    1.7 Astrovirus infection

    1.8 Calicivirus infection

    1.9 Canine parvovirus infection

    1.10 Canine bocaparvovirus

    1.11 Louping illness

    1.12 Pseudorabies

    1.13 Rabies

    1.14 Canine distemper

    2. Viral diseases of cats

    2.1 Feline herpes virus

    2.2 Feline calicivirus

    2.3 Feline leukemia virus

    2.4 Feline distemper/feline panleukemia

    2.5 Feline coronavirus

    2.6 Feline immunodeficiency virus
    References


    37. Zoonotic diseases of dogs and cats
    Shivangi Udainiya, Amita Tiwari, Apoorva Mishra, and Amita Dubey


    1. Viral diseases

    1.1 Rabies

    1.2 Noroviruses

    2. Fungal diseases

    2.1 Dermatophytosis

    3. Parasitic diseases

    3.1 Toxoplasmosis

    3.2 Leishmaniosis

    3.3 Giardiasis

    3.4 Echinococcosis

    3.5 Sarcoptes scabiei

    3.6 Cheyletiella blakei

    3.7 Cutaneous larva migrans

    3.8 Visceral larva migrans

    3.9 Ocular larva migrans

    4. Bacterial diseases

    4.1 Brucellosis

    4.2 Leptospirosis

    4.3 Bordetella bronchiseptica

    4.4 Campylobacteriosis

    4.5 Capnocytophaga infection

    4.6 Coxiella burnetii infection

    4.7 Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus

    4.8 Salmonella

    4.9 Staphylococcus intermedius

    4.10 Yersinia enterocolitica

    4.11 Cat scratch disease (Bartonella henselae)

    4.12 Plague (Yersinia pestis)
    References


    38. Drug resistance of infectious diseases of dogs and cats
    Amna Shakoor, Furqan Munir, and Muhammad Tahir Aleem


    1. Introduction

    2. Emerging drug resistance leads to global threat and its economic importance

    3. Accelerating factors responsible for drug resistance of infectious diseases of companion animals

    3.1 Role of mutation

    3.2 Antigenic shift and antigenic drift

    3.3 Misuse of antimicrobial drugs

    3.4 Emergence of new pathogenic variants

    4. Antimicrobial drug resistance in dogs and cats

    4.1 Antibacterial drug resistance

    4.2 Antifungal drug resistance

    4.3 Vaccinal resistance

    5. Emergence and spread of resistance in the drugs used against parasitic infections of dogs and cats

    5.1 Antiprotozoal drug resistance

    5.2 Anthelminthic drug resistance

    6. Possible ways to conserve drug efficacy and prevent drug resistance

    7. Future perspective

    8. Conclusion
    Acknowledgments
    References


    39. Diagnostic techniques of infectious diseases of dogs and cats
    Amita Dubey, Maneesh Jatav, Amita Tiwari, and Yamini Verma


    1. Clinical pathological techniques

    2. Microbiological techniques

    3. Necropsy and histopathological technique

    4. Diagnostic interpretation of common diseases in dogs and cats

    4.1 Bacterial diseases

    4.2 Viral diseases

    4.3 Fungal diseases

    4.4 Other diseases

    4.5 Canine anaplasmosis infection

    4.6 Dogs

    4.7 Cats


    40. One Health approach of infectious diseases of dogs and cats
    Shivangi Udainiya, Amita Tiwari, Apoorva Mishra, and Amita Dubey


    1. Introduction

    2. Bordetella bronchiseptica

    3. Brucella

    4. Campylobacter

    5. Capnocytophaga

    6. Coxiella burnetii

    7. Rabies

    8. Noroviruses

    9. Leptospira

    10. Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus

    11. Pasteurella

    12. Salmonella

    13. Staphylococcus intermedius

    14. Yersinia enterocolitica

    15. Zoonotic diseases of cats

    16. Campylobacteriosis

    17. Cat scratch disease (Bartonella henselae)

    18. Cat tapeworm (Dipylidium caninum)

    19. Cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium spp.)

    20. Giardiasis (Giardia duodenalis)

    21. Hookworm (Ancylostoma tubaeforme, Ancylostoma braziliense, Uncinaria stenocephala)

    22. MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)

    23. Plague (Yersinia pestis)

    24. Rabies

    25. Ringworm

    26. Roundworms (Toxocara spp.)

    27. Salmonellosis (Salmonella spp.)

    28. Sporotrichosis (Sporothrix spp.)

    29. Tick-borne diseases

    30. Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)

    31. Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)

    32. Prevention

    33. Conclusion
    References


    41. Prevention and control of infectious diseases
    Ranjini Manuel


    1. Introduction

    2. Domesticated populations

    2.1 Canine population

    2.2 Feline population

    3. Factors influencing infectious diseases progression and its prevention

    3.1 Hosts

    3.2 Pathogen

    3.3 Transmission

    3.4 Methods of transmission

    3.5 Environment

    3.6 Maintenance of disease

    3.7 The classical triad: Agent-hostenvironment relationship

    3.8 Immunoprohylaxis

    4. Disease control and prevention strategies

    4.1 Doing nothing

    Contributors
    Preface
    Acknowledgments

    Section A
    Introduction of diseases


    1. General aspects of introduction to diseases, diagnosis, and management of dogs and cats
    Ranbir Singh Jatav, Aditya Pratap, Nitin Vaishnav, and Neha Sharma


    1. Introduction

    2. Diagnosis and management of various diseases of dog and cat

    2.1 General systemic condition

    2.2 Diseases of cardiovascular system

    2.3 Diseases of digestive system

    2.4 Diseases of respiratory system

    2.5 Diseases of urinary system

    2.6 Diseases of nervous system

    2.7 Deficiency diseases

    2.8 Dermatological disorder

    2.9 Endocrine disorder in dogs and cats

    2.10 Neonatal diseases

    2.11 Bacterial diseases

    2.12 Viral disease

    2.13 Fungal disease of dogs and cats

    2.14 Parasitic diseases of canine and feline

    2.15 Protozoal diseases of dogs and cats

    2.16 Hereditary diseases in dogs and cats


    2. Biological system of dogs and cats and its clinical management
    Avnish Kumar Gautam, Manoj Kumar Sinha, Sanjay Kumar Bharti, and Anil Kumar


    1. Introduction

    2. Musculoskeletal system of dog and cat

    2.1 Skull

    3. Digestive system

    3.1 Salivary glands

    3.2 Pharynx

    3.3 Esophagus

    3.4 Stomach

    3.5 Small intestine

    3.6 Large intestine

    3.7 Liver

    3.8 Pancreas

    4. Respiratory system

    5. Male reproductive organs of dog and cat

    6. Female reproductive organs of bitch and queen

    7. Mammary glands

    8. Urinary system

    9. Endocrine system

    10. Sense organ

    10.1 Ear

    10.2 Clinical importance of surface anatomy

    11. Common disorders of dog and its clinical management

    12. Common endoparasitic infestation in dogs and cats

    13. Common disorders of cat and its clinical management

    14. Vaccination schedule: Dogs and puppies

    15. Feline vaccination schedule
    References


    3. Nutritional strategies of dogs and cats
    Amitava Roy, Abhishek Pathak, Alok Mishra, and Tanmoy Rana


    1. What is nutritionally balanced dog food?

    1.1 Balanced dog food should meet your dog’s energy requirements

    2. Protein in dog food

    2.1 Sources of protein in dog food

    2.2 What does crude protein mean?

    2.3 How much protein does my dog need?

    2.4 Can dogs be allergic to certain proteins?

    2.5 Taurine in cats

    3. Fat in dog food

    3.1 Sources of fat in dog and cat food

    4. Carbohydrates in dog food

    4.1 Fiber from carbohydrates

    4.2 Sources of carbohydrates

    4.3 How much carbohydrates require for dog?

    5. Vitamins in dog food

    5.1 Which vitamins do dogs need?

    5.2 Do dogs need vitamin supplements?

    6. Minerals in dog food

    6.1 Which minerals do dogs need?

    7. Water requirements for dogs

    8. Homemade balanced dog food?

    8.1 The right puppy food?

    9. Classification of pet food based on the nutrient content

    9.1 Complete food

    9.2 Complementary food

    9.3 Mixer biscuit

    9.4 Snack/treat

    10. Dog food recommendations for overweight dogs

    11. Nutritional strategy to prevent disease in healthy dogs and cats

    11.1 Feeding the healthy dog and cat

    11.2 How much to feed?

    11.3 How to feed?

    11.4 What to feed?
    References


    4. Clinical examination and diagnostic perspectives in dogs and cats
    Manisha Mehra, Omprakash Singh, and Jaykumar Desai


    1. Introduction

    2. Noninvasive diagnostic tests

    3. Invasive pathology test

    3.1 Complete blood count (CBC)

    3.2 Blood biochemistry

    3.3 Blood parasites in dogs

    3.4 Urine analysis

    3.5 Dog and cat fecal exams
    References


    5. Maintenance of fluids, electrolytes, and acid–base therapy in dogs and cats
    Abhishek Pathak, Satya Pal Singh, Raktim Saikia, and Preeti Bisht


    1. Introduction

    2. Body Fluid compartments

    2.1 Total body water

    2.2 Extracellular fluid volume

    2.3 Intracellular fluid volume

    3. Regulation of electrolytes and body fluids

    3.1 Effective circulating volume or ECV

    3.2 Antidiuretic hormone

    3.3 Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone axis

    3.4 Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

    4. Physiology of acid–base balance

    4.1 Metabolic acidosis

    4.2 Respiratory acidosis

    4.3 Metabolic alkalosis

    4.4 Respiratory alkalosis

    4.5 Mixed acid–base imbalances

    4.6 Anion gap

    5. Assessment of imbalances

    5.1 Dehydration (water depletion)

    5.2 Overhydration (water excess)

    5.3 Sodium

    5.4 Potassium

    5.5 Chloride

    6. Clinical features of fluid and electrolyte balance

    6.1 History

    6.2 Clinical signs

    7. Clinical and pathological indicators of fluid and electrolyte imbalance

    7.1 Total plasma protein and packed cell volume

    7.2 Hyponatremia

    7.3 Hypernatremia

    7.4 Serum potassium

    7.5 Serum chloride

    7.6 Osmolality

    8. Purpose of fluid therapy

    9. Type of fluids

    10. Routes of administration

    11. Monitoring fluid therapy

    12. Contraindications for fluid therapy

    13. Discontinuation of fluid therapy

    14. Conclusion
    References


    6. Collection, preservation processing, and dispatch of samples for disease diagnosis in dogs and cats
    P. Gumasta, R.C. Ghosh, P.M. Sonkusale, and P. Kumar


    1. Introduction

    2. Collection and preservation of specimen for histopathology examination

    3. Collection and preservation of specimen for bacteriological examination

    4. Collection and preservation of specimen for virological examination

    5. Collection and preservation of specimen for toxicological examination

    6. Collection procedure of different biological material/specimen

    7. Processing and dispatch of material

    8. Essential pathological tests for diagnosis of disease in dogs and cats

    8.1 Hematology

    8.2 Postmortem examination

    8.3 Serology

    8.4 Molecular diagnosis

    8.5 PCR

    8.6 Reverse transcriptase RT-PCR

    8.7 Real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR, or qPCR)

    8.8 Cytopathology

    8.9 Histopathology


    7. Necropsy procedure and basic laboratory methods in dogs and cats
    Sanjiv Kumar


    1. Necropsy procedure

    1.1 Postmortem procedure

    2. Basic laboratory diagnostic procedures

    2.1 Blood examination

    2.2 Differential leucocyte count (DLC)

    2.3 Interpretation of DLC

    3. Urine analysis

    3.1 Collection of urine

    3.2 Physical examination of urine

    3.3 Chemical examination of urine

    3.4 Microscopic examination of urine

    3.5 Cultural examination of urine

    4. Diagnostic cytology

    4.1 Collection of specimens

    4.2 Fixation of the specimen

    4.3 Papanicolaou staining

    4.4 Interventional cytopathology

    5. Diagnostic histopathology

    5.1 Cryo-sectioning/frozen sectioning

    5.2 Paraffin embedding technique

    5.3 Hematoxylin and eosin staining

    6. Parasitological examination

    6.1 Examination of mites

    6.2 Examination of specimens

    6.3 Examination of fecal sample

    7. Clinical biochemistry

    7.1 Hyperbilirubinemia

    8. Bacteriological examination

    8.1 Isolation of pure culture by streak plate method

    8.2 Gram staining of bacteria

    8.3 Antibiotic sensitivity test by disc method

    9. Fungal examination

    9.1 Sample collection

    9.2 Lactophenol cotton blue staining of fungi in wet mounts

    Section B
    Clinical diseases of dogs and cats


    8. Behavioral disorders of dogs and cats
    Abrar Ul Haq


    1. Introduction

    2. Noise-related anxiety

    3. Aggression

    4. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

    5. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

    6. Separation anxiety disorder (SAD)

    7. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

    8. Behavior problems and pain

    9. Issues with vomeronasal organ and behavior

    10. Heart diseases and behavioral issues

    11. Some adverse outcomes of drugs prescribed for behavioral disorders
    References


    9. Respiratory diseases of dogs and cats
    Abhishek Pathak, Varun Asediya, Pranav Anjaria, and Satya Pal Singh


    1. Introduction 115

    2. Anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system in dogs and cats

    2.1 The structure and function of the upper respiratory tract (nasal passages, sinuses, pharynx)

    2.2 The structure and function of the lower respiratory tract (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli)

    2.3 The role of the respiratory system in gas exchange and regulation of blood pH

    3. Pathogenic agents that cause respiratory diseases in dogs and cats

    3.1 Overview of common pathogens causing respiratory diseases

    3.2 Modes of transmission for respiratory pathogens

    4. Host defense mechanisms in respiratory diseases in dogs and cats

    4.1 Mucociliary clearance

    4.2 Immune response

    4.3 Inflammatory response

    4.4 Antimicrobial peptides

    5. Common respiratory diseases in dogs

    5.1 Canine infectious respiratory disease complex

    5.2 Canine influenza

    5.3 Canine distemper

    5.4 Canine parainfluenza virus

    6. Common respiratory diseases in cats

    6.1 Feline upper respiratory infection

    6.2 Feline asthma

    6.3 Feline calicivirus

    6.4 Feline herpesvirus-1

    7. Recent advancement in the respiratory disease diagnosis

    7.1 Immunological and pathological aspects

    7.2 Biological and chemical analysis

    7.3 Genetic and cellular aspects

    7.4 Physiological aspects

    7.5 Clinical aspects

    7.6 Environmental and behavioral aspects

    7.7 One health aspects

    7.8 Economic and societal aspects

    8. Conclusion and future directions
    References


    10. Urinary system diseases of dogs and cats
    Ramesh Putchakayala and Haritha G S


    1. Introduction

    2. Urinary tract infections in dogs and cats

    2.1 Bacterial urinary tract infection

    2.2 Fungal urinary tract infection

    2.3 Viral urinary tract infection

    3. Clinical signs

    4. Diagnosis

    5. Treatment

    6. Urolithiasis

    6.1 Clinical signs and diagnosis

    6.2 Treatment and management of uroliths

    7. Urinary tract tumors

    8. Chronic kidney disease

    8.1 Clinical signs

    8.2 Diagnosis

    8.3 Management of CKD

    8.4 Prognosis of CKD

    9. Acute kidney injury
    References


    11. Diseases of the reproductive system of male dogs and cats
    Ashok Kumar Chaudhary, Govind Narayan Purohit, Sunita Choudhary, and Hemlata


    1. Diseases of testes and epididymis

    1.1 Cryptorchidism

    1.2 Orchitis/epididymitis

    1.3 Brucellosis

    1.4 Testicular neoplasm

    1.5 Testicular torsion/spermatic cord torsion

    2. Diseases of the prostate

    2.1 Benign prostatic hypertrophy/hyperplasia

    2.2 Prostatitis

    2.3 Prostatic cysts

    2.4 Prostatic neoplasia

    3. Diseases of penis and prepuce

    3.1 Balanoposthitis

    3.2 Phimosis and paraphimosis

    3.3 Priapism

    3.4 Penile neoplasia
    References


    12. Autoimmune diseases of dogs and cats
    Ahmed Abd El-Fattah Daha


    1. Induction of autoimmunity

    2. Normal immune responses

    2.1 Antigens hidden in cells or tissues (cryptic antigens)

    2.2 Antigens generated by molecular changes

    2.3 Receptor editing

    3. Abnormal immune responses

    3.1 Failure of regulatory control

    3.2 Infection-induced autoimmunity

    3.3 Microchimerism

    4. Predisposing factors

    4.1 Genetic predisposition

    4.2 Breed predispositions

    4.3 Intestinal microbiota

    5. Mechanisms of tissue damage in autoimmunity

    5.1 Type I hypersensitivity

    5.2 Type II hypersensitivity

    5.3 Type III hypersensitivity

    5.4 Type IV hypersensitivity

    6. Autoimmunity and autoimmune disease in dogs and cats

    6.1 Dog autoimmune disease

    6.2 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

    6.3 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

    6.4 Autoimmune skin disease

    6.5 Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA)

    6.6 Autoimmune thrombocytopenia (AITP)

    6.7 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)

    6.8 Addison’s disease

    6.9 Lymphocytic thyroiditis

    6.10 Myasthenia gravis

    6.11 Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome

    6.12 Polymyositis

    6.13 Autoimmune masticatory myopathy

    6.14 Cat autoimmune disease

    6.15 Granulomatous diseases of infectious etiology

    6.16 Gammopathies (dysproteinemias or paraproteinemias)

    6.17 Polyclonal gammopathy

    6.18 Monoclonal gammopathy

    6.19 Organ-specific autoimmune diseases

    7. Hormonal influence on autoimmunity

    8. Primary vs secondary autoimmune disease

    8.1 Drugs and vaccines as triggers for autoimmunity

    8.2 Environmental triggers of autoimmunity

    8.3 Infectious triggers of autoimmunity

    8.4 Inflammatory response might lead to damage

    9. Immunodiagnostic tests for autoimmunity

    10. Immunodiagnostic tests for autoimmunity

    10.1 Antinuclear antibody test
    References


    13. Diseases of cardiovascular system of dogs and cats
    S. Yogeshpriya


    1. Introduction

    2. Congenital heart diseases

    2.1 Subaortic stenosis

    2.2 Pulmonic stenosis (PS)

    2.3 Dysplasia of the atrioventricular valves (DAV)

    2.4 Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

    2.5 Ventricular septal defects (VSD)

    2.6 Tetralogy of fallot (TF)

    2.7 Eisenmerger’s syndrome (ES)

    2.8 Atrial septal defects (ASD)

    2.9 Atrioventricular canal defects (AVC)

    3. Acquired heart diseases

    3.1 Diagnosis

    3.2 Thoracic radiography

    3.3 Electrocardiography

    3.4 Cardiac catheterization

    3.5 Echocardiography

    3.6 Doppler echocardiography (DE)

    3.7 Cardiac biomarker

    3.8 Treatment

    3.9 Common drugs used
    References


    14. Diseases of reproductive system of female dogs and cats
    Ashok Kumar Chaudhary, Govind Narayan Purohit, Amit Kumar, and Sandeep Dholpuria


    1. Diseases of ovary

    1.1 Ovarian cyst

    1.2 Ovarian remnant syndrome

    1.3 Ovarian neoplasia

    2. Diseases of uterus

    2.1 Cystic endometrial hyperplasia pyometra complex

    2.2 Metritis

    2.3 Subinvolution of placental sites

    2.4 Uterine neoplasia

    3. Diseases of vagina

    3.1 Vaginal fold prolapse

    3.2 Vaginal neoplasia

    4. Other diseases

    4.1 Canine pseudopregnancy
    References


    15. Diseases of endocrine system in dogs and cats
    Ambica Gadige, Aruna Maramulla, Mohanambal Kaliyan, Anil Kumar Banothu, and Satish Kumar Karlapudi


    1. Introduction

    2. Hypothyroidism

    2.1 Anatomy and pathophysiology

    2.2 Clinical signs

    2.3 Diagnosis

    2.4 Treatment

    3. Hyperthyroidism

    3.1 Clinical signs

    3.2 Diagnosis

    3.3 Treatment

    4. Diabetes mellitus

    4.1 Factors and pathophysiology

    4.2 Clinical signs

    4.3 Diagnosis

    4.4 Treatment

    5. Hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) (or) Cushing’s syndrome

    5.1 Factors and pathophysiology

    5.2 Clinical signs

    5.3 Diagnosis

    5.4 Treatment

    6. Hypoadrenocorticism (or) Addison’s disease

    6.1 Clinical signs

    6.2 Therapy

    7. Primary hypoparathyroidism

    8. Primary hyperparathyroidism

    9. Secondary hyperparathyroidism

    10. Hyperaldosteronism in cats

    11. Sex-hormone dermatoses

    12. Hyperestrogenism

    13. Hyperandrogenism

    14. Immune-mediated endocrine deficiency syndromes
    References


    16. Diseases of the nervous system of dogs and cats
    G.K. Chetan Kumar, A. Ashwini, C Sunita, and R.S. Sagar


    1. Introduction

    2. Cells of the nervous system

    2.1 Neurons

    2.2 Neuroglial cells or supporting cells

    3. Cranial nerves

    4. Diagnosis of neurological problems in dogs and cats

    4.1 History and signalment

    4.2 Physical examination

    4.3 Neurological examination

    4.4 Test on blood and serum

    4.5 Cerebrospinal fluid analysis

    4.6 Electroencephalography (EEG)

    4.7 Electromyography (EMG)

    4.8 Brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER)

    4.9 Spinal cord evoked response

    4.10 Routine radiography

    4.11 Myelography

    4.12 Computed tomography (CT)

    4.13 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

    4.14 Surgical biopsy

    5. Common affections of the nervous system in small animals

    5.1 Epilepsy

    5.2 Paralysis

    5.3 Meningitis/encephalitis/meningoencephalitis

    5.4 Encephalomalacia
    References


    17. Diseases of integument system of dogs and cats
    Mahmuda Malik, Chandra Prakash Dixit, Jove Jacob, and Sushanta Goswami


    18. Gastrointestinal disorders of dogs and cats
    Justin Davis Kollannur, A. Javed Jameel, and Sunitha Choudhary


    1. Esophageal disorders

    1.1 Megaesophagus

    1.2 Esophagitis

    1.3 Esophageal strictures

    1.4 Esophageal foreign bodies

    1.5 Esophageal tumors

    1.6 Gastroesophageal intussusception

    1.7 Vascular ring anomalies

    1.8 Dysautonomia

    2. Gastric disorders

    2.1 Gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV)

    2.2 Gastritis

    2.3 Gastric/peptic ulceration

    3. Diseases of small intestine

    3.1 Protein-losing enteropathy

    3.2 Intestinal obstruction

    3.3 Intussusception

    3.4 Dysmotility

    4. Disorders of large intestine

    4.1 Colitis

    4.2 Acute colitis

    4.3 Chronic enteropathy

    4.4 Constipation, obstipation, and megacolon
    References


    19. Occular manifestation of infectious and noninfestious disease of dogs and cats
    Burhan Nabi, Jehanzeb Yousuf, S.R. Upadhyay, and Rajiv Singh


    1. Introduction

    2. Systemic diseases with ocular manifestation

    2.1 Canine distemper

    2.2 Infectious canine hepatitis

    3. Feline herpesvirus

    4. Ocular problems in canines and felines due to endocrine disease

    4.1 Diabetes mellitus

    4.2 Hyperadenocorticism (Cushing’s disease)

    4.3 Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease)

    4.4 Growth hormone disorders

    4.5 Hypothyroidism

    4.6 Hyperthyroidism

    4.7 Calcium disorders
    References


    20. Diseases of ear in dogs and cats
    Ambica Gadige, Srujan Racharla, Lokesh Lella, and Anil Kumar Banothu


    1. Introduction

    2. Anatomy of ear of dogs and cats

    2.1 Anatomy of external ear

    2.2 Anatomy of middle ear

    2.3 Anatomy of internal ear

    3. Diseases of external ear

    3.1 Diseases of external ear

    3.2 Aural hematoma

    4. Disease of middle ear (or) otitis media

    4.1 Risk factors

    4.2 Clinical signs

    4.3 Diagnosis

    4.4 Treatment

    5. Disease of inner ear (or) otitis interna

    6. Deafness

    6.1 Causes of deafness

    6.2 Diagnosis

    6.3 Therapy

    7 Aural neoplasia
    References


    21. Overview on diseases of blood and hematopoietic system in dogs and cats
    K. Karthika and S. Poobitha


    1. Hematopoietic system in animals

    2. Red blood cells in animals

    2.1 Absolute erythrocytosis

    2.2 Anemia in dogs and cats

    3. White blood cells in animals

    3.1 Decreased hematopoietic marrow cell production

    3.2 Five distinct stages in the process of phagocytosis have been identified

    4. Lymphocytes in animals

    5. Platelets in animals

    5.1 Thrombocytopathies

    5.2 Bleeding disorders in dogs and cats

    5.3 Primary hemostasis

    5.4 Secondary hemostasis

    5.5 Diseases of primary hemostasis

    5.6 Disorders of coagulation

    6. Neoplasia of the myeloid system

    6.1 Lymphoid system neoplasia

    6.2 Anatomic pattern

    6.3 Leukemic form (lymphocytic leukemia)

    6.4 Other miscellaneous forms of malignant lymphoma

    6.5 Histologic classification
    References 319


    22. Diseases and disorders of the musculoskeletal system in dogs and cats
    K. Karthika and P.K. Ramkumar


    1. Myopathies

    2. Myositis

    2.2 Causes

    2.3 Tendinitis

    3. Prevention of musculoskeletal disorders

    4. Bone disorders in dogs

    4.1 Hypertrophic osteodystrophy

    4.2 Pediatric bone diseases (panosteitis)

    4.3 Avascular necrosis of the femoral head

    4.4 Multiple cartilaginous exostosis

    4.5 Slipped capital femoral epiphysis

    5. Joint disorders in dogs

    5.1 Clinical signs of musculoskeletal disorders

    5.2 Lameness examination

    6. Congenital musculoskeletal disorder

    7. Immune-mediated arthritis

    7.1 Myopathies

    8. Canine diskospondylitis

    9. Therapy for musculoskeletal system disorder

    9.1 Applications in the musculoskeletal system

    10. Musculoskeletal disorders of cats

    10.1 Inherited and developmental disorders

    10.2 Bone disorders in cats

    10.3 Joint disorders in cats

    10.4 Muscle disorders in cat

    11. Diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders in dogs and cats

    11.1 Diagnostic approach

    11.2 Therapeutic management

    11.3 Ultrasonic beam therapy
    References


    23. Geriatric diseases of dogs and cats
    Abhishek Pathak, Varun Asediya, Pranav Anjaria, and Satya Pal Singh


    1. Introduction

    2. Neural basis of cognitive decline in domestic dogs and cats during aging

    2.1 Brain structure and function in aging

    3. Neural mechanisms underlying cognitive decline in aging

    3.1 Inflammatory pathways: Linking chronic inflammation to age-related diseases

    3.2 Oxidative stress

    4. Skin and coat changes

    4.1 Understanding and managing skin problems in geriatric dogs and cats

    5. Changes in body weight and condition

    6. Musculoskeletal changes

    6.1 Sarcopenia

    6.2 Osteoarthritis

    6.3 Osteophytosis

    7. Metabolic dysregulations: The interplay of aging and chronic diseases

    7.1 Diabetes mellitus

    7.2 Obesity

    7.3 Fatty liver disease

    8. Oral and gingival diseases

    9. The role of the gut microbiome

    10. Respiratory tract changes

    11. Understanding the pathobiology of cardiac senescence: Heart diseases

    11.1 Dilated cardiomyopathy

    11.2 Valvular heart disease (VHD)

    11.3 Atrial fibrillation

    11.4 Arrhythmias

    11.5 Treatments for geriatric cardiovascular health

    12. Aging-associated nephropathy: Exploring renal function dynamics and pathophysiology

    12.1 Renal structure and function

    12.2 Hormonal changes

    12.3 Toxin and oxidative stress

    12.4 Urologic changes

    13. Changes to the endocrine system

    14. Age-related hearing and vision loss

    14.1 Pathophysiology of geriatric audiovisual impairment

    14.2 Diagnostic approaches for geriatric audio-visual impairment

    14.3 Treatment and management of geriatric audio-visual impairment

    14.4 Prevention of geriatric audio-visual impairment

    15. Fueling the aging process: The latest research on nutrition and geriatric disease prevention

    15.1 Innovative orthopedic therapeutic approaches for geriatric arthritis management

    15.2 Advances in geriatric nutritional therapies: Integrating genomics and emerging interventions

    15.3 Early detection and multimodal oncologic treatment

    15.4 Pathophysiology and evidence-based treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders

    15.5 Mitigating age-associated cognitive decline: Neuroprotective interventions

    15.6 Benefits of therapeutic massage and acupuncture

    15.7 The role of mental stimulation and exercise for geriatric pets

    16. Conclusions
    References


    24. Neoplasms in dog and cat
    Devendra Kumar Gupta, Randhir Singh, Nidhi Gupta, and Kshemankar Shrman


    1. Benign neoplasms

    2. Malignant neoplasms

    3. Hemopoietic system neoplasm

    4. Etiology

    5. Signs and symptoms of neoplasm

    6. Diagnosis

    7. Clinical staging

    7.1 TNM system

    7.2 Overall staging

    8. Therapeutic approaches

    9. Management of toxicities

    10. Common neoplasms in dogs and cats

    10.1 Lymphoma

    11. Anatomical classification

    11.1 Multicentric lymphoma

    11.2 Mediastinal lymphoma

    11.3 Gastrointestinal lymphoma

    11.4 Hepatic lymphoma

    11.5 Cutaneous lymphoma

    11.6 Ocular lymphoma

    11.7 Nervous system lymphoma

    11.8 Pulmonary lymphoma

    11.9 Atypical forms of canine lymphoma

    11.10 Evaluating dogs with lymphoma: Staging

    11.11 Therapy

    11.12 Chemotherapy

    11.13 Glucocorticoid

    11.14 Single-agent therapy

    11.15 Multiagent therapy

    11.16 Rescue protocols

    11.17 Lymphoma in cats

    12. Mammary tumor

    13. Hemangiosarcoma

    14. Mast cell tumors

    15. Sarcoma

    16. Squamous cell carcinomas

    17. Mouth and nose cancer

    18. Papilloma

    19. Canine transmissible venereal tumors
    References


    25. Diseases of hepatobiliary system of dogs and cats
    M. Saravanan and P.K. Ramkumar


    1. Introduction

    2. Clinical anatomy and physiology of hepatobiliary system

    3. Pathophysiology hepatobiliary disorders

    3.1 Portal hypertension

    3.2 Refractory ascites

    3.3 Stages of liver diseases

    4. Diagnosis of hepatobiliary disorders

    4.1 Signalment

    4.2 Food

    4.3 Drugs/medication

    4.4 Previous diseases illness

    4.5 Clinical signs

    4.6 Laboratory examination

    5. Treatment and management

    5.1 Treatment for ascites

    5.2 Management of hepatic encephalopathy

    5.3 Drug induced toxicity

    5.4 Other medications

    5.5 Nutritional management

    6. Conclusion
    Acknowledgment
    References


    26. Common toxicological phenomenon in dogs and cats
    Rashmi Rajashekaraiah and U. Sunilchandra


    1. Acetaminophen

    2. Acetone

    3. Amitraz

    4. Anticoagulant rodenticide

    5. Arsenic

    6. Bleaching powder

    7. Detergents, soaps, and shampoos

    8. Ethanol

    9. Grapes and Raisins

    10. Homemade and commercial play dough

    11. Honey bees, wasps, and hornets

    12. Iron

    13. Lead

    14. Metaldehyde

    15. Methylxanthines: Caffeine, theobromine, theophylline

    16. Mothballs

    17. Mushroom poisoning

    18. Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides

    19. Paintballs

    20. Plant poisoning

    21. Pyrethrins and pyrethroids

    22. Silica gel containing desiccant packs

    23. Snake poisoning

    24. Toad poisoning

    25. Xylitol

    26. Zinc phosphide

    27. Prevention
    References


    27. Anesthesia and pain management in dogs and cats
    Falguni Mridha


    1. Preanesthetic preparation

    1.1 Preparation of the animals on the day before experiment

    1.2 Preparation of the animals prior to experiment

    2. Vein cannulation

    2.1 Endotracheal intubation during anesthesia

    2.2 Monitoring

    3. Postanesthetic care

    4. General anesthesia

    4.1 Preanesthetic agents

    5. Parenteral anesthetic agents

    5.1 Barbiturates

    5.2 Nonbarbiturate agents

    5.3 Inhalational anesthesia

    5.4 Local and regional anesthesia

    6. Pain management in dogs and cats

    7. Management of pain

    7.1 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

    7.2 Others

    8. Pain management by some alternative solutions

    8.1 Physical rehabilitation

    8.2 Thermal therapy

    8.3 Laser therapy

    8.4 Extracorporeal shockwave therapy

    8.5 Therapeutic ultrasound

    8.6 Electrotherapy

    8.7 Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy

    8.8 Acupuncture

    8.9 Therapeutic exercise

    8.10 Hydrotherapy

    8.11 Massage
    References


    28. Drugs in therapeutic application of dogs and cats
    Muhammad Tahir Aleem, Furqan Munir, and Amna Shakoor


    1. Introduction

    2. Therapeutic applications of drugs

    2.1 Challenges and benefits of different routes of drug administration

    3. Drugs used for the treatment of diseases in dogs and cats

    3.1 Use of antibiotics

    3.2 Antiviral treatment

    3.3 Antiparasitic drugs

    3.4 Antifungal drugs

    3.5 Immunosuppressive drug therapies for dogs and cats

    3.6 Supportive drugs used in dogs and cats

    4. Conclusion
    Acknowledgments
    References


    29. Nutritional and metabolic diseases of dogs and cats
    Abhishek Pathak, Varun Asediya, Pranav Anjaria, and Satya Pal Singh


    1. Overview of nutritional and metabolic diseases in dogs and cats

    1.1 Epidemiology and prevalence

    1.2 Common nutritional and metabolic diseases in dogs and cats

    1.3 Diabetes mellitus

    1.4 Kidney disease

    1.5 Inflammatory bowel disease

    1.6 Pancreatitis

    1.7 Liver disease

    1.8 Hyperthyroidism

    1.9 Hypothyroidism

    1.10 Dental disease

    2. Factors influencing nutritional and metabolic diseases in dogs and cats

    2.1 The impact of breed-specific characteristics on the risk and severity of nutritional and metabolic diseases

    2.2 The effects of aging on the development and progression of nutritional and metabolic diseases

    2.3 The influence of gender and sex hormones on nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    2.4 The impact of social and environmental factors on the risk and severity of nutritional and metabolic diseases

    2.5 The impact of climate change on the prevalence and distribution of nutritional and metabolic diseases

    3. Mechanisms of nutritional and metabolic diseases in dogs and cats

    3.1 The impact of gut microbiota on the development of metabolic diseases

    3.2 The role of gut hormones on the regulation of nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.3 The influence of bile acid metabolism and the farnesoid X receptor on nutrient absorption and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.4 The role of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy in the development and progression of metabolic diseases

    3.5 The effects of oxidative stress and antioxidants on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.6 The impact of endogenous and exogenous stressors on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.7 The role of glucocorticoid signaling and stress response pathways in the development of metabolic diseases

    3.8 The impact of the kynurenine pathway and tryptophan metabolism on nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.9 The role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the regulation of immune function and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.10 The influence of histone modifications and DNA methylation on gene expression and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.11 The effects of nutrient-sensing pathways and transcriptional regulators on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.12 The influence of transcriptional coregulators and chromatin remodeling complexes on gene expression and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.13 The impact of lipoprotein metabolism and apolipoprotein expression on nutrient absorption and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.14 The effects of alternative splicing and mRNA stability on gene expression and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.15 The impact of mitochondrial DNA damage and mutation on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.16 The influence of the unfolded protein response and ER-associated degradation on protein quality control and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.17 The impact of mitochondrial oxidative stress and the electron transport chain on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.18 The role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and xenobiotic metabolism in the regulation of nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.19 The role of noncoding RNAs in the regulation of gene expression and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.20 The influence of circadian rhythms on nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.21 The role of autophagy in the regulation of cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.22 The impact of the gut-brain axis on the regulation of nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.23 The impact of gut dysbiosis on nutrient metabolism

    3.24 The effects of exercise and physical activity on nutrient metabolism and the prevention of metabolic diseases in dogs and cats

    4. Conclusion and future directions
    References

    Section C
    Infectious diseases of dogs and cats


    30. General introduction of infectious diseases in dogs and cats
    Abhishek Kalundia


    1. Introduction

    2. Modes of transmission of infectious diseases

    3. Factors affecting the susceptibility and severity of an infectious disease

    4. Infectious agents in dogs and cats

    4.1 Bacteria

    4.2 Rickettsiae

    4.3 Mycoplasma

    4.4 Virus

    4.5 Fungi

    4.6 Parasites

    5. Clinical diagnosis of infectious diseases

    6. Treatment of infectious diseases

    7. Prevention and control
    Acknowledgments
    References


    31. Clinical signs and symptoms of infectious diseases in dogs and cats
    Abhishek Kalundia


    1. Introduction

    2. General clinical findings of infectious diseases in dogs and cats

    2.1 Acute collapse

    2.2 Abdominal enlargement

    2.3 Anorexia

    2.4 Behavioral changes

    2.5 Lethargy and weakness

    2.6 Hyperthermia and pyrexia

    2.7 Epistaxis, sneezing, and nasal discharge

    2.8 Oral and dental problems

    2.9 Ear problems

    2.10 Lumps and bumps

    2.11 Lesions of the paw

    2.12 Problems related to the anus, perineum, and tail

    3. System-wise clinical findings of infectious diseases in dogs and cats

    3.1 The cardiovascular system

    3.2 The gastrointestinal system

    3.3 The eye

    3.4 The hematopoietic and lymphoreticular system

    3.5 The integumentary system

    3.6 The hepatobiliary system pancreas and spleen

    3.7 The musculoskeletal system

    3.8 The nervous system

    3.9 The peritoneal cavity

    3.10 The reproductive system

    3.11 The respiratory system

    3.12 The urinary system
    Acknowledgments
    References


    32. Parasitic diseases of dogs and cats
    Muhammad Tahir Aleem, Furqan Munir, and Amna Shakoor


    1. Introduction

    2. Zoonotic and economic importance of parasitic diseases

    3. Role of ectoparasites in the transmission of infections

    4. Protozoal diseases of dogs and cats

    4.1 Toxoplasmosis

    4.2 Giardiasis

    4.3 Babesiosis

    4.4 Hepatozoonosis

    4.5 Neosporosis

    5. Internal parasitic diseases of dogs and cats

    5.1 Dirofilariasis (heartworm disease)

    5.2 Leishmaniasis

    5.3 Toxocariasis

    5.4 Ancylostomiasis

    6. Ectoparasites infesting dogs and cats

    6.1 Scabies

    7. Control of parasitic diseases in dogs and cats

    8. Conclusion
    Acknowledgments
    References


    33. Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, and Chlamydia diseases of dogs and cats
    Nourhan Eissa


    1. Introduction

    1.1 Mycoplasma infections in dogs and cats

    1.2 Rickettsial infections in dogs and cats

    1.3 Chlamydial infections in dogs and cats

    2. Conclusion
    References


    34. Bacterial diseases of dogs and cats
    Abbas Rabiu Ishaq


    1. Introduction

    2. Salmonellosis

    2.1 Cause

    2.2 Hosts

    2.3 Spread

    2.4 Clinical signs

    2.5 Pathology

    2.6 Diagnosis

    2.7 Treatment

    2.8 Prevention

    3. Colibacillosis

    3.1 Cause

    3.2 Hosts

    3.3 Spread

    3.4 Pathogenesis

    3.5 Clinical signs

    3.6 Pathology

    3.7 Diagnosis

    3.8 Differential diagnosis

    3.9 Treatment

    3.10 Prevention

    4. Klebsiellosis

    4.1 Cause

    4.2 Hosts

    4.3 Spread

    4.4 Clinical signs

    4.5 Pathology

    4.6 Diagnosis

    4.7 Treatment

    5. Yersiniosis

    5.1 Cause

    5.2 Hosts

    5.3 Spread

    5.4 Pathogenesis

    5.5 Clinical signs

    5.6 Pathological findings

    5.7 Diagnosis

    5.8 Treatment

    5.9 Differential diagnoses

    5.10 Prevention

    6. Bartonellosis

    6.1 Cause

    6.2 Hosts

    6.3 Spread

    6.4 Pathogenesis

    6.5 Clinical signs

    6.6 Pathology

    6.7 Diagnosis

    6.8 Treatment

    6.9 Prevention

    7. Tularaemia

    7.1 Cause

    7.2 Hosts

    7.3 Spread

    7.4 Pathogenesis

    7.5 Clinical signs

    7.6 Pathology

    7.7 Diagnosis

    7.8 Treatment

    7.9 Prevention

    8. Campylobacteriosis

    8.1 Cause

    8.2 Hosts

    8.3 Spread

    8.4 Pathogenesis

    8.5 Clinical signs

    8.6 Pathology

    8.7 Diagnosis

    8.8 Treatment

    9. Listeriosis

    9.1 Cause

    9.2 Hosts

    9.3 Spread

    9.4 Pathogenesis

    9.5 Clinical signs

    9.6 Pathology

    9.7 Diagnosis

    9.8 Treatment

    9.9 Prevention

    10. Nocardiosis

    10.1 Cause

    10.2 Hosts

    10.3 Spread

    10.4 Pathogenesis

    10.5 Clinical signs

    10.6 Pathology

    10.7 Differential diagnosis

    10.8 Diagnosis

    10.9 Treatment

    11. Staphylococcal infections

    11.1 Cause

    11.2 Hosts

    11.3 Spread

    11.4 Pathogenesis

    11.5 Clinical signs

    11.6 Pathology

    11.7 Diagnosis

    11.8 Treatment

    11.9 Prevention

    12. Streptococcal infections

    12.1 Cause

    12.2 Hosts

    12.3 Spread

    12.4 Pathogenesis

    12.5 Clinical signs

    12.6 Pathology

    12.7 Diagnosis

    12.8 Treatment

    12.9 Prevention

    13. Tetanus

    13.1 Cause

    13.2 Hosts

    13.3 Spread

    13.4 Pathogenesis

    13.5 Clinical signs

    13.6 Differentials

    13.7 Diagnosis

    13.8 Prevention

    13.9 Treatment

    14. Pasteurellosis

    14.1 Cause

    14.2 Hosts

    14.3 Spread

    14.4 Clinical signs

    14.5 Diagnosis

    14.6 Treatment

    14.7 Prevention

    15. Clostridium perfringens infection

    15.1 Cause

    15.2 Hosts

    15.3 Spread

    15.4 Clinical signs

    15.5 Diagnosis

    15.6 Treatment

    16. Clostridium difficile infection

    16.1 Cause

    16.2 Hosts

    16.3 Spread

    16.4 Pathogenesis

    16.5 Clinical signs

    16.6 Diagnosis

    16.7 Treatment

    17. Brucellosis

    17.1 Cause

    17.2 Spread

    17.3 Hosts

    17.4 Pathogenesis

    17.5 Pathology

    17.6 Clinical signs

    17.7 Diagnosis

    17.8 Treatment

    17.9 Prevention and control

    18. Helicobacter infections

    18.1 Cause

    18.2 Hosts

    18.3 Spread

    18.4 Pathogenesis

    18.5 Clinical signs

    18.6 Pathology

    18.7 Diagnosis

    18.8 Treatment

    19. Pseudomoniasis

    19.1 Cause

    19.2 Hosts

    19.3 Spread

    19.4 Pathogenesis

    19.5 Clinical signs

    19.6 Diagnosis

    19.7 Treatment
    Acknowledgments
    References


    35. Fungal diseases of dogs and cats
    Nourhan Eissa


    1. Introduction

    2. Mechanisms of immunosuppression in dogs and cats

    3. Opportunistic fungal infections

    3.1 Phaeohyphomycosis

    3.2 Hyalohyphomycosis

    3.3 Eumycotic mycetoma

    3.4 Microsporum canis

    3.5 Sporothrix brasiliensis

    3.6 Aspergillosis

    3.7 Mucormycosis

    3.8 Candidiasis

    3.9 Blastomycosis

    3.10 Histoplasmosis

    3.11 Coccidiomycosis

    3.12 Cryptococcosis

    3.13 Paracoccidioidomycosis

    4. Mycotoxins and mycotoxicoses

    5. Diagnosis and treatment of mycotic infections in dogs and cats

    6. Conclusion
    References


    36. Common viral diseases of dogs and cats
    Mohammad Bashir Aliyu


    1. Viral diseases of dogs

    1.1 Canine adenovirus

    1.2 Influenza virus—H3N8, H3N2

    1.3 Canine parainfluenza virus

    1.4 Canine reovirus

    1.5 Coronavirus

    1.6 Rotavirus infection

    1.7 Astrovirus infection

    1.8 Calicivirus infection

    1.9 Canine parvovirus infection

    1.10 Canine bocaparvovirus

    1.11 Louping illness

    1.12 Pseudorabies

    1.13 Rabies

    1.14 Canine distemper

    2. Viral diseases of cats

    2.1 Feline herpes virus

    2.2 Feline calicivirus

    2.3 Feline leukemia virus

    2.4 Feline distemper/feline panleukemia

    2.5 Feline coronavirus

    2.6 Feline immunodeficiency virus
    References


    37. Zoonotic diseases of dogs and cats
    Shivangi Udainiya, Amita Tiwari, Apoorva Mishra, and Amita Dubey


    1. Viral diseases

    1.1 Rabies

    1.2 Noroviruses

    2. Fungal diseases

    2.1 Dermatophytosis

    3. Parasitic diseases

    3.1 Toxoplasmosis

    3.2 Leishmaniosis

    3.3 Giardiasis

    3.4 Echinococcosis

    3.5 Sarcoptes scabiei

    3.6 Cheyletiella blakei

    3.7 Cutaneous larva migrans

    3.8 Visceral larva migrans

    3.9 Ocular larva migrans

    4. Bacterial diseases

    4.1 Brucellosis

    4.2 Leptospirosis

    4.3 Bordetella bronchiseptica

    4.4 Campylobacteriosis

    4.5 Capnocytophaga infection

    4.6 Coxiella burnetii infection

    4.7 Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus

    4.8 Salmonella

    4.9 Staphylococcus intermedius

    4.10 Yersinia enterocolitica

    4.11 Cat scratch disease (Bartonella henselae)

    4.12 Plague (Yersinia pestis)
    References


    38. Drug resistance of infectious diseases of dogs and cats
    Amna Shakoor, Furqan Munir, and Muhammad Tahir Aleem


    1. Introduction

    2. Emerging drug resistance leads to global threat and its economic importance

    3. Accelerating factors responsible for drug resistance of infectious diseases of companion animals

    3.1 Role of mutation

    3.2 Antigenic shift and antigenic drift

    3.3 Misuse of antimicrobial drugs

    3.4 Emergence of new pathogenic variants

    4. Antimicrobial drug resistance in dogs and cats

    4.1 Antibacterial drug resistance

    4.2 Antifungal drug resistance

    4.3 Vaccinal resistance

    5. Emergence and spread of resistance in the drugs used against parasitic infections of dogs and cats

    5.1 Antiprotozoal drug resistance

    5.2 Anthelminthic drug resistance

    6. Possible ways to conserve drug efficacy and prevent drug resistance

    7. Future perspective

    8. Conclusion
    Acknowledgments
    References


    39. Diagnostic techniques of infectious diseases of dogs and cats
    Amita Dubey, Maneesh Jatav, Amita Tiwari, and Yamini Verma


    1. Clinical pathological techniques

    2. Microbiological techniques

    3. Necropsy and histopathological technique

    4. Diagnostic interpretation of common diseases in dogs and cats

    4.1 Bacterial diseases

    4.2 Viral diseases

    4.3 Fungal diseases

    4.4 Other diseases

    4.5 Canine anaplasmosis infection

    4.6 Dogs

    4.7 Cats


    40. One Health approach of infectious diseases of dogs and cats
    Shivangi Udainiya, Amita Tiwari, Apoorva Mishra, and Amita Dubey


    1. Introduction

    2. Bordetella bronchiseptica

    3. Brucella

    4. Campylobacter

    5. Capnocytophaga

    6. Coxiella burnetii

    7. Rabies

    8. Noroviruses

    9. Leptospira

    10. Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus

    11. Pasteurella

    12. Salmonella

    13. Staphylococcus intermedius

    14. Yersinia enterocolitica

    15. Zoonotic diseases of cats

    16. Campylobacteriosis

    17. Cat scratch disease (Bartonella henselae)

    18. Cat tapeworm (Dipylidium caninum)

    19. Cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium spp.)

    20. Giardiasis (Giardia duodenalis)

    21. Hookworm (Ancylostoma tubaeforme, Ancylostoma braziliense, Uncinaria stenocephala)

    22. MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)

    23. Plague (Yersinia pestis)

    24. Rabies

    25. Ringworm

    26. Roundworms (Toxocara spp.)

    27. Salmonellosis (Salmonella spp.)

    28. Sporotrichosis (Sporothrix spp.)

    29. Tick-borne diseases

    30. Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)

    31. Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)

    32. Prevention

    33. Conclusion
    References


    41. Prevention and control of infectious diseases
    Ranjini Manuel


    1. Introduction

    2. Domesticated populations

    2.1 Canine population

    2.2 Feline population

    3. Factors influencing infectious diseases progression and its prevention

    3.1 Hosts

    3.2 Pathogen

    3.3 Transmission

    3.4 Methods of transmission

    3.5 Environment

    3.6 Maintenance of disease

    3.7 The classical triad: Agent-hostenvironment relationship

    3.8 Immunoprohylaxis

    4. Disease control and prevention strategies

    4.1 Doing nothing

    4.2 Quarantine

    4.3 Euthanasia

    4.4 Vaccination

    4.5 Therapeutic chemotherapy

    5. Conclusion
    References

    IndexContributors
    Preface
    Acknowledgments

    Section A
    Introduction of diseases


    1. General aspects of introduction to diseases, diagnosis, and management of dogs and cats
    Ranbir Singh Jatav, Aditya Pratap, Nitin Vaishnav, and Neha Sharma


    1. Introduction

    2. Diagnosis and management of various diseases of dog and cat

    2.1 General systemic condition

    2.2 Diseases of cardiovascular system

    2.3 Diseases of digestive system

    2.4 Diseases of respiratory system

    2.5 Diseases of urinary system

    2.6 Diseases of nervous system

    2.7 Deficiency diseases

    2.8 Dermatological disorder

    2.9 Endocrine disorder in dogs and cats

    2.10 Neonatal diseases

    2.11 Bacterial diseases

    2.12 Viral disease

    2.13 Fungal disease of dogs and cats

    2.14 Parasitic diseases of canine and feline

    2.15 Protozoal diseases of dogs and cats

    2.16 Hereditary diseases in dogs and cats


    2. Biological system of dogs and cats and its clinical management
    Avnish Kumar Gautam, Manoj Kumar Sinha, Sanjay Kumar Bharti, and Anil Kumar


    1. Introduction

    2. Musculoskeletal system of dog and cat

    2.1 Skull

    3. Digestive system

    3.1 Salivary glands

    3.2 Pharynx

    3.3 Esophagus

    3.4 Stomach

    3.5 Small intestine

    3.6 Large intestine

    3.7 Liver

    3.8 Pancreas

    4. Respiratory system

    5. Male reproductive organs of dog and cat

    6. Female reproductive organs of bitch and queen

    7. Mammary glands

    8. Urinary system

    9. Endocrine system

    10. Sense organ

    10.1 Ear

    10.2 Clinical importance of surface anatomy

    11. Common disorders of dog and its clinical management

    12. Common endoparasitic infestation in dogs and cats

    13. Common disorders of cat and its clinical management

    14. Vaccination schedule: Dogs and puppies

    15. Feline vaccination schedule
    References


    3. Nutritional strategies of dogs and cats
    Amitava Roy, Abhishek Pathak, Alok Mishra, and Tanmoy Rana


    1. What is nutritionally balanced dog food?

    1.1 Balanced dog food should meet your dog’s energy requirements

    2. Protein in dog food

    2.1 Sources of protein in dog food

    2.2 What does crude protein mean?

    2.3 How much protein does my dog need?

    2.4 Can dogs be allergic to certain proteins?

    2.5 Taurine in cats

    3. Fat in dog food

    3.1 Sources of fat in dog and cat food

    4. Carbohydrates in dog food

    4.1 Fiber from carbohydrates

    4.2 Sources of carbohydrates

    4.3 How much carbohydrates require for dog?

    5. Vitamins in dog food

    5.1 Which vitamins do dogs need?

    5.2 Do dogs need vitamin supplements?

    6. Minerals in dog food

    6.1 Which minerals do dogs need?

    7. Water requirements for dogs

    8. Homemade balanced dog food?

    8.1 The right puppy food?

    9. Classification of pet food based on the nutrient content

    9.1 Complete food

    9.2 Complementary food

    9.3 Mixer biscuit

    9.4 Snack/treat

    10. Dog food recommendations for overweight dogs

    11. Nutritional strategy to prevent disease in healthy dogs and cats

    11.1 Feeding the healthy dog and cat

    11.2 How much to feed?

    11.3 How to feed?

    11.4 What to feed?
    References


    4. Clinical examination and diagnostic perspectives in dogs and cats
    Manisha Mehra, Omprakash Singh, and Jaykumar Desai


    1. Introduction

    2. Noninvasive diagnostic tests

    3. Invasive pathology test

    3.1 Complete blood count (CBC)

    3.2 Blood biochemistry

    3.3 Blood parasites in dogs

    3.4 Urine analysis

    3.5 Dog and cat fecal exams
    References


    5. Maintenance of fluids, electrolytes, and acid–base therapy in dogs and cats
    Abhishek Pathak, Satya Pal Singh, Raktim Saikia, and Preeti Bisht


    1. Introduction

    2. Body Fluid compartments

    2.1 Total body water

    2.2 Extracellular fluid volume

    2.3 Intracellular fluid volume

    3. Regulation of electrolytes and body fluids

    3.1 Effective circulating volume or ECV

    3.2 Antidiuretic hormone

    3.3 Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone axis

    3.4 Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

    4. Physiology of acid–base balance

    4.1 Metabolic acidosis

    4.2 Respiratory acidosis

    4.3 Metabolic alkalosis

    4.4 Respiratory alkalosis

    4.5 Mixed acid–base imbalances

    4.6 Anion gap

    5. Assessment of imbalances

    5.1 Dehydration (water depletion)

    5.2 Overhydration (water excess)

    5.3 Sodium

    5.4 Potassium

    5.5 Chloride

    6. Clinical features of fluid and electrolyte balance

    6.1 History

    6.2 Clinical signs

    7. Clinical and pathological indicators of fluid and electrolyte imbalance

    7.1 Total plasma protein and packed cell volume

    7.2 Hyponatremia

    7.3 Hypernatremia

    7.4 Serum potassium

    7.5 Serum chloride

    7.6 Osmolality

    8. Purpose of fluid therapy

    9. Type of fluids

    10. Routes of administration

    11. Monitoring fluid therapy

    12. Contraindications for fluid therapy

    13. Discontinuation of fluid therapy

    14. Conclusion
    References


    6. Collection, preservation processing, and dispatch of samples for disease diagnosis in dogs and cats
    P. Gumasta, R.C. Ghosh, P.M. Sonkusale, and P. Kumar


    1. Introduction

    2. Collection and preservation of specimen for histopathology examination

    3. Collection and preservation of specimen for bacteriological examination

    4. Collection and preservation of specimen for virological examination

    5. Collection and preservation of specimen for toxicological examination

    6. Collection procedure of different biological material/specimen

    7. Processing and dispatch of material

    8. Essential pathological tests for diagnosis of disease in dogs and cats

    8.1 Hematology

    8.2 Postmortem examination

    8.3 Serology

    8.4 Molecular diagnosis

    8.5 PCR

    8.6 Reverse transcriptase RT-PCR

    8.7 Real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR, or qPCR)

    8.8 Cytopathology

    8.9 Histopathology


    7. Necropsy procedure and basic laboratory methods in dogs and cats
    Sanjiv Kumar


    1. Necropsy procedure

    1.1 Postmortem procedure

    2. Basic laboratory diagnostic procedures

    2.1 Blood examination

    2.2 Differential leucocyte count (DLC)

    2.3 Interpretation of DLC

    3. Urine analysis

    3.1 Collection of urine

    3.2 Physical examination of urine

    3.3 Chemical examination of urine

    3.4 Microscopic examination of urine

    3.5 Cultural examination of urine

    4. Diagnostic cytology

    4.1 Collection of specimens

    4.2 Fixation of the specimen

    4.3 Papanicolaou staining

    4.4 Interventional cytopathology

    5. Diagnostic histopathology

    5.1 Cryo-sectioning/frozen sectioning

    5.2 Paraffin embedding technique

    5.3 Hematoxylin and eosin staining

    6. Parasitological examination

    6.1 Examination of mites

    6.2 Examination of specimens

    6.3 Examination of fecal sample

    7. Clinical biochemistry

    7.1 Hyperbilirubinemia

    8. Bacteriological examination

    8.1 Isolation of pure culture by streak plate method

    8.2 Gram staining of bacteria

    8.3 Antibiotic sensitivity test by disc method

    9. Fungal examination

    9.1 Sample collection

    9.2 Lactophenol cotton blue staining of fungi in wet mounts

    Section B
    Clinical diseases of dogs and cats


    8. Behavioral disorders of dogs and cats
    Abrar Ul Haq


    1. Introduction

    2. Noise-related anxiety

    3. Aggression

    4. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

    5. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

    6. Separation anxiety disorder (SAD)

    7. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

    8. Behavior problems and pain

    9. Issues with vomeronasal organ and behavior

    10. Heart diseases and behavioral issues

    11. Some adverse outcomes of drugs prescribed for behavioral disorders
    References


    9. Respiratory diseases of dogs and cats
    Abhishek Pathak, Varun Asediya, Pranav Anjaria, and Satya Pal Singh


    1. Introduction 115

    2. Anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system in dogs and cats

    2.1 The structure and function of the upper respiratory tract (nasal passages, sinuses, pharynx)

    2.2 The structure and function of the lower respiratory tract (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli)

    2.3 The role of the respiratory system in gas exchange and regulation of blood pH

    3. Pathogenic agents that cause respiratory diseases in dogs and cats

    3.1 Overview of common pathogens causing respiratory diseases

    3.2 Modes of transmission for respiratory pathogens

    4. Host defense mechanisms in respiratory diseases in dogs and cats

    4.1 Mucociliary clearance

    4.2 Immune response

    4.3 Inflammatory response

    4.4 Antimicrobial peptides

    5. Common respiratory diseases in dogs

    5.1 Canine infectious respiratory disease complex

    5.2 Canine influenza

    5.3 Canine distemper

    5.4 Canine parainfluenza virus

    6. Common respiratory diseases in cats

    6.1 Feline upper respiratory infection

    6.2 Feline asthma

    6.3 Feline calicivirus

    6.4 Feline herpesvirus-1

    7. Recent advancement in the respiratory disease diagnosis

    7.1 Immunological and pathological aspects

    7.2 Biological and chemical analysis

    7.3 Genetic and cellular aspects

    7.4 Physiological aspects

    7.5 Clinical aspects

    7.6 Environmental and behavioral aspects

    7.7 One health aspects

    7.8 Economic and societal aspects

    8. Conclusion and future directions
    References


    10. Urinary system diseases of dogs and cats
    Ramesh Putchakayala and Haritha G S


    1. Introduction

    2. Urinary tract infections in dogs and cats

    2.1 Bacterial urinary tract infection

    2.2 Fungal urinary tract infection

    2.3 Viral urinary tract infection

    3. Clinical signs

    4. Diagnosis

    5. Treatment

    6. Urolithiasis

    6.1 Clinical signs and diagnosis

    6.2 Treatment and management of uroliths

    7. Urinary tract tumors

    8. Chronic kidney disease

    8.1 Clinical signs

    8.2 Diagnosis

    8.3 Management of CKD

    8.4 Prognosis of CKD

    9. Acute kidney injury
    References


    11. Diseases of the reproductive system of male dogs and cats
    Ashok Kumar Chaudhary, Govind Narayan Purohit, Sunita Choudhary, and Hemlata


    1. Diseases of testes and epididymis

    1.1 Cryptorchidism

    1.2 Orchitis/epididymitis

    1.3 Brucellosis

    1.4 Testicular neoplasm

    1.5 Testicular torsion/spermatic cord torsion

    2. Diseases of the prostate

    2.1 Benign prostatic hypertrophy/hyperplasia

    2.2 Prostatitis

    2.3 Prostatic cysts

    2.4 Prostatic neoplasia

    3. Diseases of penis and prepuce

    3.1 Balanoposthitis

    3.2 Phimosis and paraphimosis

    3.3 Priapism

    3.4 Penile neoplasia
    References


    12. Autoimmune diseases of dogs and cats
    Ahmed Abd El-Fattah Daha


    1. Induction of autoimmunity

    2. Normal immune responses

    2.1 Antigens hidden in cells or tissues (cryptic antigens)

    2.2 Antigens generated by molecular changes

    2.3 Receptor editing

    3. Abnormal immune responses

    3.1 Failure of regulatory control

    3.2 Infection-induced autoimmunity

    3.3 Microchimerism

    4. Predisposing factors

    4.1 Genetic predisposition

    4.2 Breed predispositions

    4.3 Intestinal microbiota

    5. Mechanisms of tissue damage in autoimmunity

    5.1 Type I hypersensitivity

    5.2 Type II hypersensitivity

    5.3 Type III hypersensitivity

    5.4 Type IV hypersensitivity

    6. Autoimmunity and autoimmune disease in dogs and cats

    6.1 Dog autoimmune disease

    6.2 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

    6.3 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

    6.4 Autoimmune skin disease

    6.5 Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA)

    6.6 Autoimmune thrombocytopenia (AITP)

    6.7 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)

    6.8 Addison’s disease

    6.9 Lymphocytic thyroiditis

    6.10 Myasthenia gravis

    6.11 Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome

    6.12 Polymyositis

    6.13 Autoimmune masticatory myopathy

    6.14 Cat autoimmune disease

    6.15 Granulomatous diseases of infectious etiology

    6.16 Gammopathies (dysproteinemias or paraproteinemias)

    6.17 Polyclonal gammopathy

    6.18 Monoclonal gammopathy

    6.19 Organ-specific autoimmune diseases

    7. Hormonal influence on autoimmunity

    8. Primary vs secondary autoimmune disease

    8.1 Drugs and vaccines as triggers for autoimmunity

    8.2 Environmental triggers of autoimmunity

    8.3 Infectious triggers of autoimmunity

    8.4 Inflammatory response might lead to damage

    9. Immunodiagnostic tests for autoimmunity

    10. Immunodiagnostic tests for autoimmunity

    10.1 Antinuclear antibody test
    References


    13. Diseases of cardiovascular system of dogs and cats
    S. Yogeshpriya


    1. Introduction

    2. Congenital heart diseases

    2.1 Subaortic stenosis

    2.2 Pulmonic stenosis (PS)

    2.3 Dysplasia of the atrioventricular valves (DAV)

    2.4 Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

    2.5 Ventricular septal defects (VSD)

    2.6 Tetralogy of fallot (TF)

    2.7 Eisenmerger’s syndrome (ES)

    2.8 Atrial septal defects (ASD)

    2.9 Atrioventricular canal defects (AVC)

    3. Acquired heart diseases

    3.1 Diagnosis

    3.2 Thoracic radiography

    3.3 Electrocardiography

    3.4 Cardiac catheterization

    3.5 Echocardiography

    3.6 Doppler echocardiography (DE)

    3.7 Cardiac biomarker

    3.8 Treatment

    3.9 Common drugs used
    References


    14. Diseases of reproductive system of female dogs and cats
    Ashok Kumar Chaudhary, Govind Narayan Purohit, Amit Kumar, and Sandeep Dholpuria


    1. Diseases of ovary

    1.1 Ovarian cyst

    1.2 Ovarian remnant syndrome

    1.3 Ovarian neoplasia

    2. Diseases of uterus

    2.1 Cystic endometrial hyperplasia pyometra complex

    2.2 Metritis

    2.3 Subinvolution of placental sites

    2.4 Uterine neoplasia

    3. Diseases of vagina

    3.1 Vaginal fold prolapse

    3.2 Vaginal neoplasia

    4. Other diseases

    4.1 Canine pseudopregnancy
    References


    15. Diseases of endocrine system in dogs and cats
    Ambica Gadige, Aruna Maramulla, Mohanambal Kaliyan, Anil Kumar Banothu, and Satish Kumar Karlapudi


    1. Introduction

    2. Hypothyroidism

    2.1 Anatomy and pathophysiology

    2.2 Clinical signs

    2.3 Diagnosis

    2.4 Treatment

    3. Hyperthyroidism

    3.1 Clinical signs

    3.2 Diagnosis

    3.3 Treatment

    4. Diabetes mellitus

    4.1 Factors and pathophysiology

    4.2 Clinical signs

    4.3 Diagnosis

    4.4 Treatment

    5. Hyperadrenocorticism (HAC) (or) Cushing’s syndrome

    5.1 Factors and pathophysiology

    5.2 Clinical signs

    5.3 Diagnosis

    5.4 Treatment

    6. Hypoadrenocorticism (or) Addison’s disease

    6.1 Clinical signs

    6.2 Therapy

    7. Primary hypoparathyroidism

    8. Primary hyperparathyroidism

    9. Secondary hyperparathyroidism

    10. Hyperaldosteronism in cats

    11. Sex-hormone dermatoses

    12. Hyperestrogenism

    13. Hyperandrogenism

    14. Immune-mediated endocrine deficiency syndromes
    References


    16. Diseases of the nervous system of dogs and cats
    G.K. Chetan Kumar, A. Ashwini, C Sunita, and R.S. Sagar


    1. Introduction

    2. Cells of the nervous system

    2.1 Neurons

    2.2 Neuroglial cells or supporting cells

    3. Cranial nerves

    4. Diagnosis of neurological problems in dogs and cats

    4.1 History and signalment

    4.2 Physical examination

    4.3 Neurological examination

    4.4 Test on blood and serum

    4.5 Cerebrospinal fluid analysis

    4.6 Electroencephalography (EEG)

    4.7 Electromyography (EMG)

    4.8 Brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER)

    4.9 Spinal cord evoked response

    4.10 Routine radiography

    4.11 Myelography

    4.12 Computed tomography (CT)

    4.13 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

    4.14 Surgical biopsy

    5. Common affections of the nervous system in small animals

    5.1 Epilepsy

    5.2 Paralysis

    5.3 Meningitis/encephalitis/meningoencephalitis

    5.4 Encephalomalacia
    References


    17. Diseases of integument system of dogs and cats
    Mahmuda Malik, Chandra Prakash Dixit, Jove Jacob, and Sushanta Goswami


    18. Gastrointestinal disorders of dogs and cats
    Justin Davis Kollannur, A. Javed Jameel, and Sunitha Choudhary


    1. Esophageal disorders

    1.1 Megaesophagus

    1.2 Esophagitis

    1.3 Esophageal strictures

    1.4 Esophageal foreign bodies

    1.5 Esophageal tumors

    1.6 Gastroesophageal intussusception

    1.7 Vascular ring anomalies

    1.8 Dysautonomia

    2. Gastric disorders

    2.1 Gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV)

    2.2 Gastritis

    2.3 Gastric/peptic ulceration

    3. Diseases of small intestine

    3.1 Protein-losing enteropathy

    3.2 Intestinal obstruction

    3.3 Intussusception

    3.4 Dysmotility

    4. Disorders of large intestine

    4.1 Colitis

    4.2 Acute colitis

    4.3 Chronic enteropathy

    4.4 Constipation, obstipation, and megacolon
    References


    19. Occular manifestation of infectious and noninfestious disease of dogs and cats
    Burhan Nabi, Jehanzeb Yousuf, S.R. Upadhyay, and Rajiv Singh


    1. Introduction

    2. Systemic diseases with ocular manifestation

    2.1 Canine distemper

    2.2 Infectious canine hepatitis

    3. Feline herpesvirus

    4. Ocular problems in canines and felines due to endocrine disease

    4.1 Diabetes mellitus

    4.2 Hyperadenocorticism (Cushing’s disease)

    4.3 Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease)

    4.4 Growth hormone disorders

    4.5 Hypothyroidism

    4.6 Hyperthyroidism

    4.7 Calcium disorders
    References


    20. Diseases of ear in dogs and cats
    Ambica Gadige, Srujan Racharla, Lokesh Lella, and Anil Kumar Banothu


    1. Introduction

    2. Anatomy of ear of dogs and cats

    2.1 Anatomy of external ear

    2.2 Anatomy of middle ear

    2.3 Anatomy of internal ear

    3. Diseases of external ear

    3.1 Diseases of external ear

    3.2 Aural hematoma

    4. Disease of middle ear (or) otitis media

    4.1 Risk factors

    4.2 Clinical signs

    4.3 Diagnosis

    4.4 Treatment

    5. Disease of inner ear (or) otitis interna

    6. Deafness

    6.1 Causes of deafness

    6.2 Diagnosis

    6.3 Therapy

    7 Aural neoplasia
    References


    21. Overview on diseases of blood and hematopoietic system in dogs and cats
    K. Karthika and S. Poobitha


    1. Hematopoietic system in animals

    2. Red blood cells in animals

    2.1 Absolute erythrocytosis

    2.2 Anemia in dogs and cats

    3. White blood cells in animals

    3.1 Decreased hematopoietic marrow cell production

    3.2 Five distinct stages in the process of phagocytosis have been identified

    4. Lymphocytes in animals

    5. Platelets in animals

    5.1 Thrombocytopathies

    5.2 Bleeding disorders in dogs and cats

    5.3 Primary hemostasis

    5.4 Secondary hemostasis

    5.5 Diseases of primary hemostasis

    5.6 Disorders of coagulation

    6. Neoplasia of the myeloid system

    6.1 Lymphoid system neoplasia

    6.2 Anatomic pattern

    6.3 Leukemic form (lymphocytic leukemia)

    6.4 Other miscellaneous forms of malignant lymphoma

    6.5 Histologic classification
    References 319


    22. Diseases and disorders of the musculoskeletal system in dogs and cats
    K. Karthika and P.K. Ramkumar


    1. Myopathies

    2. Myositis

    2.2 Causes

    2.3 Tendinitis

    3. Prevention of musculoskeletal disorders

    4. Bone disorders in dogs

    4.1 Hypertrophic osteodystrophy

    4.2 Pediatric bone diseases (panosteitis)

    4.3 Avascular necrosis of the femoral head

    4.4 Multiple cartilaginous exostosis

    4.5 Slipped capital femoral epiphysis

    5. Joint disorders in dogs

    5.1 Clinical signs of musculoskeletal disorders

    5.2 Lameness examination

    6. Congenital musculoskeletal disorder

    7. Immune-mediated arthritis

    7.1 Myopathies

    8. Canine diskospondylitis

    9. Therapy for musculoskeletal system disorder

    9.1 Applications in the musculoskeletal system

    10. Musculoskeletal disorders of cats

    10.1 Inherited and developmental disorders

    10.2 Bone disorders in cats

    10.3 Joint disorders in cats

    10.4 Muscle disorders in cat

    11. Diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders in dogs and cats

    11.1 Diagnostic approach

    11.2 Therapeutic management

    11.3 Ultrasonic beam therapy
    References


    23. Geriatric diseases of dogs and cats
    Abhishek Pathak, Varun Asediya, Pranav Anjaria, and Satya Pal Singh


    1. Introduction

    2. Neural basis of cognitive decline in domestic dogs and cats during aging

    2.1 Brain structure and function in aging

    3. Neural mechanisms underlying cognitive decline in aging

    3.1 Inflammatory pathways: Linking chronic inflammation to age-related diseases

    3.2 Oxidative stress

    4. Skin and coat changes

    4.1 Understanding and managing skin problems in geriatric dogs and cats

    5. Changes in body weight and condition

    6. Musculoskeletal changes

    6.1 Sarcopenia

    6.2 Osteoarthritis

    6.3 Osteophytosis

    7. Metabolic dysregulations: The interplay of aging and chronic diseases

    7.1 Diabetes mellitus

    7.2 Obesity

    7.3 Fatty liver disease

    8. Oral and gingival diseases

    9. The role of the gut microbiome

    10. Respiratory tract changes

    11. Understanding the pathobiology of cardiac senescence: Heart diseases

    11.1 Dilated cardiomyopathy

    11.2 Valvular heart disease (VHD)

    11.3 Atrial fibrillation

    11.4 Arrhythmias

    11.5 Treatments for geriatric cardiovascular health

    12. Aging-associated nephropathy: Exploring renal function dynamics and pathophysiology

    12.1 Renal structure and function

    12.2 Hormonal changes

    12.3 Toxin and oxidative stress

    12.4 Urologic changes

    13. Changes to the endocrine system

    14. Age-related hearing and vision loss

    14.1 Pathophysiology of geriatric audiovisual impairment

    14.2 Diagnostic approaches for geriatric audio-visual impairment

    14.3 Treatment and management of geriatric audio-visual impairment

    14.4 Prevention of geriatric audio-visual impairment

    15. Fueling the aging process: The latest research on nutrition and geriatric disease prevention

    15.1 Innovative orthopedic therapeutic approaches for geriatric arthritis management

    15.2 Advances in geriatric nutritional therapies: Integrating genomics and emerging interventions

    15.3 Early detection and multimodal oncologic treatment

    15.4 Pathophysiology and evidence-based treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders

    15.5 Mitigating age-associated cognitive decline: Neuroprotective interventions

    15.6 Benefits of therapeutic massage and acupuncture

    15.7 The role of mental stimulation and exercise for geriatric pets

    16. Conclusions
    References


    24. Neoplasms in dog and cat
    Devendra Kumar Gupta, Randhir Singh, Nidhi Gupta, and Kshemankar Shrman


    1. Benign neoplasms

    2. Malignant neoplasms

    3. Hemopoietic system neoplasm

    4. Etiology

    5. Signs and symptoms of neoplasm

    6. Diagnosis

    7. Clinical staging

    7.1 TNM system

    7.2 Overall staging

    8. Therapeutic approaches

    9. Management of toxicities

    10. Common neoplasms in dogs and cats

    10.1 Lymphoma

    11. Anatomical classification

    11.1 Multicentric lymphoma

    11.2 Mediastinal lymphoma

    11.3 Gastrointestinal lymphoma

    11.4 Hepatic lymphoma

    11.5 Cutaneous lymphoma

    11.6 Ocular lymphoma

    11.7 Nervous system lymphoma

    11.8 Pulmonary lymphoma

    11.9 Atypical forms of canine lymphoma

    11.10 Evaluating dogs with lymphoma: Staging

    11.11 Therapy

    11.12 Chemotherapy

    11.13 Glucocorticoid

    11.14 Single-agent therapy

    11.15 Multiagent therapy

    11.16 Rescue protocols

    11.17 Lymphoma in cats

    12. Mammary tumor

    13. Hemangiosarcoma

    14. Mast cell tumors

    15. Sarcoma

    16. Squamous cell carcinomas

    17. Mouth and nose cancer

    18. Papilloma

    19. Canine transmissible venereal tumors
    References


    25. Diseases of hepatobiliary system of dogs and cats
    M. Saravanan and P.K. Ramkumar


    1. Introduction

    2. Clinical anatomy and physiology of hepatobiliary system

    3. Pathophysiology hepatobiliary disorders

    3.1 Portal hypertension

    3.2 Refractory ascites

    3.3 Stages of liver diseases

    4. Diagnosis of hepatobiliary disorders

    4.1 Signalment

    4.2 Food

    4.3 Drugs/medication

    4.4 Previous diseases illness

    4.5 Clinical signs

    4.6 Laboratory examination

    5. Treatment and management

    5.1 Treatment for ascites

    5.2 Management of hepatic encephalopathy

    5.3 Drug induced toxicity

    5.4 Other medications

    5.5 Nutritional management

    6. Conclusion
    Acknowledgment
    References


    26. Common toxicological phenomenon in dogs and cats
    Rashmi Rajashekaraiah and U. Sunilchandra


    1. Acetaminophen

    2. Acetone

    3. Amitraz

    4. Anticoagulant rodenticide

    5. Arsenic

    6. Bleaching powder

    7. Detergents, soaps, and shampoos

    8. Ethanol

    9. Grapes and Raisins

    10. Homemade and commercial play dough

    11. Honey bees, wasps, and hornets

    12. Iron

    13. Lead

    14. Metaldehyde

    15. Methylxanthines: Caffeine, theobromine, theophylline

    16. Mothballs

    17. Mushroom poisoning

    18. Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides

    19. Paintballs

    20. Plant poisoning

    21. Pyrethrins and pyrethroids

    22. Silica gel containing desiccant packs

    23. Snake poisoning

    24. Toad poisoning

    25. Xylitol

    26. Zinc phosphide

    27. Prevention
    References


    27. Anesthesia and pain management in dogs and cats
    Falguni Mridha


    1. Preanesthetic preparation

    1.1 Preparation of the animals on the day before experiment

    1.2 Preparation of the animals prior to experiment

    2. Vein cannulation

    2.1 Endotracheal intubation during anesthesia

    2.2 Monitoring

    3. Postanesthetic care

    4. General anesthesia

    4.1 Preanesthetic agents

    5. Parenteral anesthetic agents

    5.1 Barbiturates

    5.2 Nonbarbiturate agents

    5.3 Inhalational anesthesia

    5.4 Local and regional anesthesia

    6. Pain management in dogs and cats

    7. Management of pain

    7.1 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

    7.2 Others

    8. Pain management by some alternative solutions

    8.1 Physical rehabilitation

    8.2 Thermal therapy

    8.3 Laser therapy

    8.4 Extracorporeal shockwave therapy

    8.5 Therapeutic ultrasound

    8.6 Electrotherapy

    8.7 Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy

    8.8 Acupuncture

    8.9 Therapeutic exercise

    8.10 Hydrotherapy

    8.11 Massage
    References


    28. Drugs in therapeutic application of dogs and cats
    Muhammad Tahir Aleem, Furqan Munir, and Amna Shakoor


    1. Introduction

    2. Therapeutic applications of drugs

    2.1 Challenges and benefits of different routes of drug administration

    3. Drugs used for the treatment of diseases in dogs and cats

    3.1 Use of antibiotics

    3.2 Antiviral treatment

    3.3 Antiparasitic drugs

    3.4 Antifungal drugs

    3.5 Immunosuppressive drug therapies for dogs and cats

    3.6 Supportive drugs used in dogs and cats

    4. Conclusion
    Acknowledgments
    References


    29. Nutritional and metabolic diseases of dogs and cats
    Abhishek Pathak, Varun Asediya, Pranav Anjaria, and Satya Pal Singh


    1. Overview of nutritional and metabolic diseases in dogs and cats

    1.1 Epidemiology and prevalence

    1.2 Common nutritional and metabolic diseases in dogs and cats

    1.3 Diabetes mellitus

    1.4 Kidney disease

    1.5 Inflammatory bowel disease

    1.6 Pancreatitis

    1.7 Liver disease

    1.8 Hyperthyroidism

    1.9 Hypothyroidism

    1.10 Dental disease

    2. Factors influencing nutritional and metabolic diseases in dogs and cats

    2.1 The impact of breed-specific characteristics on the risk and severity of nutritional and metabolic diseases

    2.2 The effects of aging on the development and progression of nutritional and metabolic diseases

    2.3 The influence of gender and sex hormones on nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    2.4 The impact of social and environmental factors on the risk and severity of nutritional and metabolic diseases

    2.5 The impact of climate change on the prevalence and distribution of nutritional and metabolic diseases

    3. Mechanisms of nutritional and metabolic diseases in dogs and cats

    3.1 The impact of gut microbiota on the development of metabolic diseases

    3.2 The role of gut hormones on the regulation of nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.3 The influence of bile acid metabolism and the farnesoid X receptor on nutrient absorption and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.4 The role of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy in the development and progression of metabolic diseases

    3.5 The effects of oxidative stress and antioxidants on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.6 The impact of endogenous and exogenous stressors on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.7 The role of glucocorticoid signaling and stress response pathways in the development of metabolic diseases

    3.8 The impact of the kynurenine pathway and tryptophan metabolism on nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.9 The role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the regulation of immune function and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.10 The influence of histone modifications and DNA methylation on gene expression and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.11 The effects of nutrient-sensing pathways and transcriptional regulators on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.12 The influence of transcriptional coregulators and chromatin remodeling complexes on gene expression and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.13 The impact of lipoprotein metabolism and apolipoprotein expression on nutrient absorption and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.14 The effects of alternative splicing and mRNA stability on gene expression and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.15 The impact of mitochondrial DNA damage and mutation on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.16 The influence of the unfolded protein response and ER-associated degradation on protein quality control and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.17 The impact of mitochondrial oxidative stress and the electron transport chain on cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.18 The role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and xenobiotic metabolism in the regulation of nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.19 The role of noncoding RNAs in the regulation of gene expression and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.20 The influence of circadian rhythms on nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.21 The role of autophagy in the regulation of cellular metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.22 The impact of the gut-brain axis on the regulation of nutrient metabolism and the development of metabolic diseases

    3.23 The impact of gut dysbiosis on nutrient metabolism

    3.24 The effects of exercise and physical activity on nutrient metabolism and the prevention of metabolic diseases in dogs and cats

    4. Conclusion and future directions
    References

    Section C
    Infectious diseases of dogs and cats


    30. General introduction of infectious diseases in dogs and cats
    Abhishek Kalundia


    1. Introduction

    2. Modes of transmission of infectious diseases

    3. Factors affecting the susceptibility and severity of an infectious disease

    4. Infectious agents in dogs and cats

    4.1 Bacteria

    4.2 Rickettsiae

    4.3 Mycoplasma

    4.4 Virus

    4.5 Fungi

    4.6 Parasites

    5. Clinical diagnosis of infectious diseases

    6. Treatment of infectious diseases

    7. Prevention and control
    Acknowledgments
    References


    31. Clinical signs and symptoms of infectious diseases in dogs and cats
    Abhishek Kalundia


    1. Introduction

    2. General clinical findings of infectious diseases in dogs and cats

    2.1 Acute collapse

    2.2 Abdominal enlargement

    2.3 Anorexia

    2.4 Behavioral changes

    2.5 Lethargy and weakness

    2.6 Hyperthermia and pyrexia

    2.7 Epistaxis, sneezing, and nasal discharge

    2.8 Oral and dental problems

    2.9 Ear problems

    2.10 Lumps and bumps

    2.11 Lesions of the paw

    2.12 Problems related to the anus, perineum, and tail

    3. System-wise clinical findings of infectious diseases in dogs and cats

    3.1 The cardiovascular system

    3.2 The gastrointestinal system

    3.3 The eye

    3.4 The hematopoietic and lymphoreticular system

    3.5 The integumentary system

    3.6 The hepatobiliary system pancreas and spleen

    3.7 The musculoskeletal system

    3.8 The nervous system

    3.9 The peritoneal cavity

    3.10 The reproductive system

    3.11 The respiratory system

    3.12 The urinary system
    Acknowledgments
    References


    32. Parasitic diseases of dogs and cats
    Muhammad Tahir Aleem, Furqan Munir, and Amna Shakoor


    1. Introduction

    2. Zoonotic and economic importance of parasitic diseases

    3. Role of ectoparasites in the transmission of infections

    4. Protozoal diseases of dogs and cats

    4.1 Toxoplasmosis

    4.2 Giardiasis

    4.3 Babesiosis

    4.4 Hepatozoonosis

    4.5 Neosporosis

    5. Internal parasitic diseases of dogs and cats

    5.1 Dirofilariasis (heartworm disease)

    5.2 Leishmaniasis

    5.3 Toxocariasis

    5.4 Ancylostomiasis

    6. Ectoparasites infesting dogs and cats

    6.1 Scabies

    7. Control of parasitic diseases in dogs and cats

    8. Conclusion
    Acknowledgments
    References


    33. Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, and Chlamydia diseases of dogs and cats
    Nourhan Eissa


    1. Introduction

    1.1 Mycoplasma infections in dogs and cats

    1.2 Rickettsial infections in dogs and cats

    1.3 Chlamydial infections in dogs and cats

    2. Conclusion
    References


    34. Bacterial diseases of dogs and cats
    Abbas Rabiu Ishaq


    1. Introduction

    2. Salmonellosis

    2.1 Cause

    2.2 Hosts

    2.3 Spread

    2.4 Clinical signs

    2.5 Pathology

    2.6 Diagnosis

    2.7 Treatment

    2.8 Prevention

    3. Colibacillosis

    3.1 Cause

    3.2 Hosts

    3.3 Spread

    3.4 Pathogenesis

    3.5 Clinical signs

    3.6 Pathology

    3.7 Diagnosis

    3.8 Differential diagnosis

    3.9 Treatment

    3.10 Prevention

    4. Klebsiellosis

    4.1 Cause

    4.2 Hosts

    4.3 Spread

    4.4 Clinical signs

    4.5 Pathology

    4.6 Diagnosis

    4.7 Treatment

    5. Yersiniosis

    5.1 Cause

    5.2 Hosts

    5.3 Spread

    5.4 Pathogenesis

    5.5 Clinical signs

    5.6 Pathological findings

    5.7 Diagnosis

    5.8 Treatment

    5.9 Differential diagnoses

    5.10 Prevention

    6. Bartonellosis

    6.1 Cause

    6.2 Hosts

    6.3 Spread

    6.4 Pathogenesis

    6.5 Clinical signs

    6.6 Pathology

    6.7 Diagnosis

    6.8 Treatment

    6.9 Prevention

    7. Tularaemia

    7.1 Cause

    7.2 Hosts

    7.3 Spread

    7.4 Pathogenesis

    7.5 Clinical signs

    7.6 Pathology

    7.7 Diagnosis

    7.8 Treatment

    7.9 Prevention

    8. Campylobacteriosis

    8.1 Cause

    8.2 Hosts

    8.3 Spread

    8.4 Pathogenesis

    8.5 Clinical signs

    8.6 Pathology

    8.7 Diagnosis

    8.8 Treatment

    9. Listeriosis

    9.1 Cause

    9.2 Hosts

    9.3 Spread

    9.4 Pathogenesis

    9.5 Clinical signs

    9.6 Pathology

    9.7 Diagnosis

    9.8 Treatment

    9.9 Prevention

    10. Nocardiosis

    10.1 Cause

    10.2 Hosts

    10.3 Spread

    10.4 Pathogenesis

    10.5 Clinical signs

    10.6 Pathology

    10.7 Differential diagnosis

    10.8 Diagnosis

    10.9 Treatment

    11. Staphylococcal infections

    11.1 Cause

    11.2 Hosts

    11.3 Spread

    11.4 Pathogenesis

    11.5 Clinical signs

    11.6 Pathology

    11.7 Diagnosis

    11.8 Treatment

    11.9 Prevention

    12. Streptococcal infections

    12.1 Cause

    12.2 Hosts

    12.3 Spread

    12.4 Pathogenesis

    12.5 Clinical signs

    12.6 Pathology

    12.7 Diagnosis

    12.8 Treatment

    12.9 Prevention

    13. Tetanus

    13.1 Cause

    13.2 Hosts

    13.3 Spread

    13.4 Pathogenesis

    13.5 Clinical signs

    13.6 Differentials

    13.7 Diagnosis

    13.8 Prevention

    13.9 Treatment

    14. Pasteurellosis

    14.1 Cause

    14.2 Hosts

    14.3 Spread

    14.4 Clinical signs

    14.5 Diagnosis

    14.6 Treatment

    14.7 Prevention

    15. Clostridium perfringens infection

    15.1 Cause

    15.2 Hosts

    15.3 Spread

    15.4 Clinical signs

    15.5 Diagnosis

    15.6 Treatment

    16. Clostridium difficile infection

    16.1 Cause

    16.2 Hosts

    16.3 Spread

    16.4 Pathogenesis

    16.5 Clinical signs

    16.6 Diagnosis

    16.7 Treatment

    17. Brucellosis

    17.1 Cause

    17.2 Spread

    17.3 Hosts

    17.4 Pathogenesis

    17.5 Pathology

    17.6 Clinical signs

    17.7 Diagnosis

    17.8 Treatment

    17.9 Prevention and control

    18. Helicobacter infections

    18.1 Cause

    18.2 Hosts

    18.3 Spread

    18.4 Pathogenesis

    18.5 Clinical signs

    18.6 Pathology

    18.7 Diagnosis

    18.8 Treatment

    19. Pseudomoniasis

    19.1 Cause

    19.2 Hosts

    19.3 Spread

    19.4 Pathogenesis

    19.5 Clinical signs

    19.6 Diagnosis

    19.7 Treatment
    Acknowledgments
    References


    35. Fungal diseases of dogs and cats
    Nourhan Eissa


    1. Introduction

    2. Mechanisms of immunosuppression in dogs and cats

    3. Opportunistic fungal infections

    3.1 Phaeohyphomycosis

    3.2 Hyalohyphomycosis

    3.3 Eumycotic mycetoma

    3.4 Microsporum canis

    3.5 Sporothrix brasiliensis

    3.6 Aspergillosis

    3.7 Mucormycosis

    3.8 Candidiasis

    3.9 Blastomycosis

    3.10 Histoplasmosis

    3.11 Coccidiomycosis

    3.12 Cryptococcosis

    3.13 Paracoccidioidomycosis

    4. Mycotoxins and mycotoxicoses

    5. Diagnosis and treatment of mycotic infections in dogs and cats

    6. Conclusion
    References


    36. Common viral diseases of dogs and cats
    Mohammad Bashir Aliyu


    1. Viral diseases of dogs

    1.1 Canine adenovirus

    1.2 Influenza virus—H3N8, H3N2

    1.3 Canine parainfluenza virus

    1.4 Canine reovirus

    1.5 Coronavirus

    1.6 Rotavirus infection

    1.7 Astrovirus infection

    1.8 Calicivirus infection

    1.9 Canine parvovirus infection

    1.10 Canine bocaparvovirus

    1.11 Louping illness

    1.12 Pseudorabies

    1.13 Rabies

    1.14 Canine distemper

    2. Viral diseases of cats

    2.1 Feline herpes virus

    2.2 Feline calicivirus

    2.3 Feline leukemia virus

    2.4 Feline distemper/feline panleukemia

    2.5 Feline coronavirus

    2.6 Feline immunodeficiency virus
    References


    37. Zoonotic diseases of dogs and cats
    Shivangi Udainiya, Amita Tiwari, Apoorva Mishra, and Amita Dubey


    1. Viral diseases

    1.1 Rabies

    1.2 Noroviruses

    2. Fungal diseases

    2.1 Dermatophytosis

    3. Parasitic diseases

    3.1 Toxoplasmosis

    3.2 Leishmaniosis

    3.3 Giardiasis

    3.4 Echinococcosis

    3.5 Sarcoptes scabiei

    3.6 Cheyletiella blakei

    3.7 Cutaneous larva migrans

    3.8 Visceral larva migrans

    3.9 Ocular larva migrans

    4. Bacterial diseases

    4.1 Brucellosis

    4.2 Leptospirosis

    4.3 Bordetella bronchiseptica

    4.4 Campylobacteriosis

    4.5 Capnocytophaga infection

    4.6 Coxiella burnetii infection

    4.7 Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus

    4.8 Salmonella

    4.9 Staphylococcus intermedius

    4.10 Yersinia enterocolitica

    4.11 Cat scratch disease (Bartonella henselae)

    4.12 Plague (Yersinia pestis)
    References


    38. Drug resistance of infectious diseases of dogs and cats
    Amna Shakoor, Furqan Munir, and Muhammad Tahir Aleem


    1. Introduction

    2. Emerging drug resistance leads to global threat and its economic importance

    3. Accelerating factors responsible for drug resistance of infectious diseases of companion animals

    3.1 Role of mutation

    3.2 Antigenic shift and antigenic drift

    3.3 Misuse of antimicrobial drugs

    3.4 Emergence of new pathogenic variants

    4. Antimicrobial drug resistance in dogs and cats

    4.1 Antibacterial drug resistance

    4.2 Antifungal drug resistance

    4.3 Vaccinal resistance

    5. Emergence and spread of resistance in the drugs used against parasitic infections of dogs and cats

    5.1 Antiprotozoal drug resistance

    5.2 Anthelminthic drug resistance

    6. Possible ways to conserve drug efficacy and prevent drug resistance

    7. Future perspective

    8. Conclusion
    Acknowledgments
    References


    39. Diagnostic techniques of infectious diseases of dogs and cats
    Amita Dubey, Maneesh Jatav, Amita Tiwari, and Yamini Verma


    1. Clinical pathological techniques

    2. Microbiological techniques

    3. Necropsy and histopathological technique

    4. Diagnostic interpretation of common diseases in dogs and cats

    4.1 Bacterial diseases

    4.2 Viral diseases

    4.3 Fungal diseases

    4.4 Other diseases

    4.5 Canine anaplasmosis infection

    4.6 Dogs

    4.7 Cats


    40. One Health approach of infectious diseases of dogs and cats
    Shivangi Udainiya, Amita Tiwari, Apoorva Mishra, and Amita Dubey


    1. Introduction

    2. Bordetella bronchiseptica

    3. Brucella

    4. Campylobacter

    5. Capnocytophaga

    6. Coxiella burnetii

    7. Rabies

    8. Noroviruses

    9. Leptospira

    10. Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus

    11. Pasteurella

    12. Salmonella

    13. Staphylococcus intermedius

    14. Yersinia enterocolitica

    15. Zoonotic diseases of cats

    16. Campylobacteriosis

    17. Cat scratch disease (Bartonella henselae)

    18. Cat tapeworm (Dipylidium caninum)

    19. Cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium spp.)

    20. Giardiasis (Giardia duodenalis)

    21. Hookworm (Ancylostoma tubaeforme, Ancylostoma braziliense, Uncinaria stenocephala)

    22. MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)

    23. Plague (Yersinia pestis)

    24. Rabies

    25. Ringworm

    26. Roundworms (Toxocara spp.)

    27. Salmonellosis (Salmonella spp.)

    28. Sporotrichosis (Sporothrix spp.)

    29. Tick-borne diseases

    30. Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii)

    31. Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)

    32. Prevention

    33. Conclusion
    References


    41. Prevention and control of infectious diseases
    Ranjini Manuel


    1. Introduction

    2. Domesticated populations

    2.1 Canine population

    2.2 Feline population

    3. Factors influencing infectious diseases progression and its prevention

    3.1 Hosts

    3.2 Pathogen

    3.3 Transmission

    3.4 Methods of transmission

    3.5 Environment

    3.6 Maintenance of disease

    3.7 The classical triad: Agent-hostenvironment relationship

    3.8 Immunoprohylaxis

    4. Disease control and prevention strategies

    4.1 Doing nothing

    4.2 Quarantine

    4.3 Euthanasia

    4.4 Vaccination

    4.5 Therapeutic chemotherapy

    5. Conclusion
    References

    Index

  • Tanmoy Rana

    Is currently an Assistant Professor in Veterinary Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence at the Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, West Bengal, India. He has published articles in international journals, authored book chapters for edited works, and has made contributions in biochemical and molecular pharmacology, toxicology, and veterinary medicine. He has been involved in multidisciplinary research and education to promote the scientific basis of veterinary science and molecular medicine. Dr. Rana is a member of the West Bengal Veterinary Council, India, the Indian Society for Veterinary Medicine (ISVM), and the Indian Science Congress Association. He is an Associate Fellow of West Bengal Academy of Science and Technology, India. He is also an Associate Editor and editorial board member of various highly regarded international journals.

    Affiliations and expertise

    Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, India

Veterinary Clinics of North America
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